Necessary Foreword.
music by DNK.
_________________________________________
This article was originally intended for the newspaper
ChasPik, but problemma raised here are significant enough (in
our opinion) for all sinkleristov. We would very much like to
see this Material saw the largest possible number of people.
(Ruster)
Calculate ...?
(C) Nemo.
_________________________________________
"As long as you exist, concluded in its
vacuum, can you still think that you are in contact with the
One, but as soon as nainaesh you shred the clay, even
e, you become deminurgom and
Whoever undertakes to create the world goes on
compromise with error and evil. "
Umberto Eco's "Foucault's Pendulum" (sheet 1)
Computer Revolution caused a lot of
noise. Sometimes difficult to distinguish tinsel current
passions of the fundamental laws of computing. Monthly
escalation facilities simply intoxicating. However, this is not
a case of which can be said in vinum veritas
(Latin for truth in wine). It's time to talk about
hangover. As the penetration of PC (PC -
PC) in all the deeper layers of the social organism all
often there are situations when an inadequate perception of the
PC leads to serious consequences. Surface estimates and
judgments gradually crystallize into stereotypes and canonize
the Official Doctrine, creating an increasingly severe
danger of another kind, outwardly self
not be issued.
Computers are now mapped to only
on a number of technical parameters, ie on
the principle of "butter will not spoil kasha" - higher
performance, better computer. When This does fall out of
consideration such "Subtlety" as a detailed analysis of the
platform: the efficiency of interaction of the complex hard /
soft (both at the processor / system commands, and system level
in Total [l.5]), the relationship of performance and complexity
of the interface User-to-PC, the relationship of macroeconomic
parameters and the parameters of cost-effectiveness techniques.
Moreover, these parameters are related popoarno, they also are
closely dependent on each other. Therefore, decisions sometimes
lead to results, is diametrically opposed to
anticipated. While the budget was a kettle
complete, it is very few people care. However,
like, it's different times and starts
felt the need for adequate criteria.
Meanwhile, a bicycle has long invented and
these criteria, there are more than half a century.
Fundamental work in this area
known for such luminaries as Ashby, Norbert Wiener
[L.2] and Prigogine. Everybody knows that
bestellerom Wiener is his work
"Cybernetics". However, very few people know
interlinear title of the book, and then
these things that the word means. A. Ulmer (1834)
for example, thought that Computer Science - a
management science of human society. Its status as a
"pseudoscience," she owes this value, since
open my eyes to many things
during the not so distant resting
an official taboo. Winer also summarized
these concepts to technical systems and living organisms, and
first introduced the concept "Complexity." Since then, the
theme is booming. Belgian Prigogine [l.3] real meaning, the
term "complexity" and allocated fairly broad class of real
objects to which the applicable term.
(Note that the complexity of I. Prigogine understood in a
somewhat different sense than than, for example, Kolmogorov).
From the point of of dry theory there is no significant
the difference between a group of tank armies
operating behind enemy lines, computer platform and a religious
order [Sheet 1] - they are all perfectly controlled and
almost uniformly described. Theory until
far from perfect, that does not prevent it,
however, provide tools for very specific numerical parameters.
In the framework of the theory is possible as a synthesis and
analysis of object models. [L.4]
If we consider the computer platforms, as complex objects, it
turns out prelyubopytnye things. Well, first of all,
that Russia has only two platforms - is
PC platform and the platform Spectrum. As
said the classic high-Tribune "Another
There is no alternative. "The other candidates are not
pass on such a parameter as a critical mass of the platform.
All sorts of different PC as it is, and the platforms do not.
Incidentally us I mean the Russians, nothing prevents
to start the third, we assume, his own,
Russian platform. It is only necessary
aware that the initiation
platform requires astronomical amounts
money. The number of zeros in such a sum seems too large even
after adjusting for inflation - it would be comparable to GNP.
(In fact, this is equivalent to the creation of an entire
industry.) If same initiation will not be made, then
complex system will be an open,
chain reaction will not go and will need external financial
support. That is this is a very good way to get another hole in
the budget of the federal scale. Kremlin dreamers seem to do
about This is not suspect, While playing with architectures
based on ZILOG-186. Results will be impressive if the words
they will reach to the case and we have not only flowers,
and berries.
Proper analysis of computer platforms
involves the study of such categories
as 1) the range of tasks platform (range of tasks platform
splits into two: metazadachi addressed by the platform as a
whole, they can easily be, for example, geopolitical, specific
tasks, specific plzovateley: metazadachami with these problems
totally unrelated - the ordinary tankman
nonpositive know where to move his army group, and then, even,
God forbid, scared. His case does not fall behind the group and
put pressure on the pedals) 2) a critical mass - at the same
time we have stayed at. 3) set the parameters of architecture,
code density, the instruction set processor its productivity
and capacity.
This is a highly specialized topic, it is unlikely
appropriate in this publication. Stop
worth only a few vulgar and
far from a true representation of this complex.
Well, first of all, the identity of the real speed of your
computer and clock Processor; direct comparison imeyushihsya
amounts of memory (usually a memory means RAM (RAM), and under
volume - kolichetvo cell of the memory
expressed in pounds (2'10, 1024) or mega
(2'20; 1,048,576) bytes (bytes - 8'm bit).
So, for example for one of the first
"Classical" clones (clone - computer
designed under the platform and working with her mate. software
(programmami)) - Platform Spectrum - "Sinclair-48"
the amount of memory in kilobytes is 48'm
enough to compete with
640 kbait memory XT286. Such a "paradox"
a higher level of chess
computer "Sinclair-48 compared with
XT286 explained very simply. The whole secret lies in the
density code and the system command processor. The same
algorithm (sequence of actions), implemented by the programmer
in teams ZILOG and INTEL in length, measured in bytes,
may be different in two or more times. Accordingly, the
required and more memory. In this case, we can say that the
code density is different in two times only by the instruction
processor. (The system command processor ZILOG teams in few
easy times greater than in INTEL) And when you consider such a
trifle as that programs for the PC-clone written in
mostly high-level languages, and for
Spectrum-clones - almost exclusively on
assembly (ie, one can assume that direct
in the mash. code), then the density is almost
package will vary by tens of times. By
This 48 KB "Sinclair'a", in some
cases (when dealing with com file)
are equivalent to 640 KB PC XT.
Direct comparison of clock speeds
true even for the clones of a single platform,
for various platforms such as comparison and does make sense.
For example Computers family Amiga (platform
lack thereof in Russia) are working with graphics and sound
with such efficiency that PC users can only shut
ears, close my eyes and cry that all this
lie parallel to collecting money for
next Upgrade. And this is 14Mgts processor Amiga, against
120Mgts processor PENTIUM. (To gain insight into the name
Pentium, enough to focus on
associations. Pentagon - what it is -
known. Pent [acul] um, Lat. - Invisible star-shaped structure,
a mystical Rose magicians. Penticapea, Lat. - A five-pointed
star - brand (brand) working cattle (goyim) used in the
construction "Solomon's Temple" and who had no representation
nor the purpose nor the general plan construction. "Torah,"
Jewish tradition) The secret of the "fast" graphics lies in the
architectural niceties.
If the reader thinks that the speed (clock frequency)
Processor INTEL increases for the increase in real performance
information system as a whole, he is mistaken. This
quite understanding, and certainly not in Russia,
redistribution rates soft'a (software, software - as you know,
Russians are not inclined to pay for it) - in
hard (hardware). For software
PC platform characterized by methodical reduction of code
density. Why transatlantic programmer to wrestle with a
compilation of the shortest sequence teams, if in his
possession 166 MHz Pentium'a and 32 MB of "brains". And it is
not quickie, but a fully rational approach to
business - time, as they say, money - that's
whose only? User sitting at
Technology two years ago, was surprised
discovers that his machine works by
slower than the "fresh" program
product he uses. The effect is sometimes so obvious, it seems
that the processor "sit batteries - done a subtle hint that
Uncle Sam has to pay the money. (More precisely - Uncle Bill
(not Clinton)). Generally, the continuous replacement
instrumentation - a way of life lay users PC. What are the
taxes there, what rent, which the family - not would fall
behind the group, to have time to do ocherednaoy upgrade
(upgrade), while the available equipment is not impaired. This
psychology of an addict - to find pleasure in regular
otstegivanii money. Users, practitioners upgrade, essentially
become regular informal dealers IBM. Platform as a whole the
rate of decrease in the density code specifies "Half-life of
active material" and its aggressiveness to capture the market.
Waste slag - outdated technology is squeezed out of the core
platform and scores all the pores of the economic (and now
public) of an organism.
For multimedia applications, capable of
devour all the resources available, "the half-life
(depreciation period of equipment) just over a year. Probably,
this fact may seem fun for the home Users accustomed to buying
household technique for at least fifteen years. One-year
amortization period, I think, very interested as a corporate
user (as long as the potential, the well-known for their
conservatism and lack of money), min. Nar. Arr.
For the platform manufacturer Spectrum
simple enough to master the production and complies with
existing, albeit not very high, the technological level of
industries. The market is naturally protected because similar
products the West is not performed, and verified to work on the
poor eastern market western producer would not. Support own
unique customer value in the field of computer technologies
based on compact processor architecture ZILOG, (not requiring
cumbersome and inaccessible to the manufacturer designs) and
the platform Spectrum, will form an information environment
that is able to both attract investment and get the work of the
enterprise sector, ie create jobs. Prices of final products
(Both hardware and software) will be such that they become
available to the public. And this is - is a transition to
mass production, without which high technology is simply
unthinkable. This Spectrum - Platform differs from the
Platform for IBM, where domestic
commodity producer is not competitively, and now competes with
the trash tank referred to the firm that is humiliating and
futile.
For a system of public education
Spectrum - a clone of the only available masovye PK who can
afford School for financial reasons. Despite the obvious
disadvantages of part performance, compared with Platform IBM,
Spectrum is in force svoei architectural simplicity, (which
can be called Classical, unlike
clever IBM) can provide a good
methodological tool for students. This
agrees well with the typical
Russian principle of fundamental (of academic education), ie
bases operation of information systems,
this case. In reality, however, the course of science
increasingly is becoming a initial employment oriented training
to operate the imported equipment.
So that the reader has a clearer
an idea of what is at stake, it is useful
lead a small amalgam of encyclicals
orders and opinions of the responsible
persons. So: "The equipment supplied
must work under the Window's "- Bole than
clear statement, "The basis of learning
should be laid-skills
'Blind' work on the keyboard "- it seems
public education has decided to withdraw special breed
woodpeckers neobremenneyh brains. The view that a shortage of
brains can compensate for their excess in the computer (under
the "brains" of computer scientists understand the amount of
memory (RAM), measured in megabytes) - dangerous and can make
very far. Park UKNC not to write off and
Do not update "- harmless in itself,
statement in the context of other, takes a very specific
meaning. "Screen Spectrum'a harmful to vision. "Probably
Queen Elizabeth, setting Clive
The title of Lord Sinclair in the mid-eighties, was referring
to the millions blinded Englishmen - users of its
system "Sinclair-48." If we are to raise
the question of harm to eyesight, we should be alarmed about
the game prefixes "DENDY", the screen which differs little from
Spectrum'ovskogo on resolving power, and who, nevertheless,
were certified and imported into large numbers of Chinese
children in aged 6-9 years.
Teens often to Spectrum'u some interest, since sostemyne
complexity exceeds the level available to them. Price
Spectrum'a allows you to have it at home, as a personal
computer is almost any young person, regardless of family
financial position. This may seriously deepen and extend
learning subject in school. Quite real, like a computer class
where the teacher workstation, equipped with PC (here he,
singular, is actually to place), after hours can be
used as a BBS on the school phones. Equipped AON'om such
BBS-station will allow students from their home
Your computer comes under the control of FIDO
and the Internet (in Russian-speaking environment; Internet
will only perform the function switching and packet
forwarding). Such structure is usually called a "network of
network. "The price for students will be more than an order of
magnitude smaller than the direct output (on line) on the
Internet ($ 20 per month + $ 3 per minute (information not
verified)). If such costs will not be able to take the budget,
it will pay parents: at least it is more useful and cheaper
than endless upgrad'y - and for budget, and parents.
Using the IBM PC - Computers for
initial employment training in school
means: regular updating of technology (aka labor reserves would
be uncalled); regular retraining teachers (on new equipment and
new Software); narrowly focused - if students
will explore and text editors, and
accounting system and database,
actually they would not know a single or
second nor the third is this will be a nodding acquaintance
with computer. Teach also "blindly" gouge on the keys and can be
on Spectrum'e - long designed and sold to the appropriate
adapters for PC - keyboard.
In the good old days, the organization (and
payment, including) the initial labor training took on the
employer. He is attached to the group (school class) his
teacher and provided graduates with jobs. In an era
Developed Socialism (despite the fact
that this was an era of economic idiocy), it was quite a
working mechanism, excuse yourself. Now, these costs trying to
hang on a budget. Even without taking into account the
inefficiency of such training, can easily
understand that the budget is not a pull. A pull my employer?
This is a very interesting question. Options
platform as a whole are described as macro. A case in
makrekonomicheskie Russia is as follows. First
all, of course, Moscow. In Moscow by
concentrated 80% of the turnover of money in Russia.
This parameter is awarded capital
the honorary title of "51 States". Probably the Moscow employer
will be able to pay and equipment, and training. But what about
the case in his native Palestine? In St. Petersburg recently as
last summer, was about 18% of Russia's turnover, but then there
came a man in a cap and blew it - so at least it looks the
part. Scales vary: Spectrum - IBM. Inevitably have to analyze
the comparative benefits of and another. IBM technique proved
unprofitable in our conditions. Tight financial policies has
revealed it in all its glory. Slump in prices - a vivid
confirmation. Firms operating in the IBM
platform, trying to gloss over this misunderstanding and
frantically shove liberated fleet of computers at apartments,
trying to turn a PC into an object of mass consumption. In the
rest of Russia is slightly more than 2% of the turnover of
money, ie the rest of the Celestial Empire is, in fact, a
subsistence economy. What really there is a PC, and the more
vocational training. In the near future in regions not there is
money even for Spectrum.
It is doubtful that the rate of growth exceeds the rate of
the preceding fall. Ie to the level of life 1990 we have raised
no less than 7 and let.A 1990 was just so foreign when budget
delivery of IBM technology in schools has become impossible.
Seven years for platform - a significant period of time. Only
over the past two - three years Spectrum has doubled the memory
capacity and speed. Already in Next year will be double-double
memory, and once again double the speed, enter the full-screen
character and the OS. This will not only to meet sanitary
requirements, but also talk about commercial applications
(project TRANSFORMER). This can be done without any tightening
technological requirements and increase prices by only 10-15%
(we are talking about computers in the collection). The rate of
development instrumentation essentially constrained
a conservative platform, which
quite natural for a "Home Computer"
(Home computer) which is
Spectrum. The yield on the system of public education and
commercial applications able to break the deadlock.
Incidentally, IBM - clones have nothing to do and
production. Processor Family ZILOG
for a long time and around the world platted his or her
nest, because as process controllers, they have no competition.
Much better to have a uniform shop monosredu as a set of
controllers ZILOG'ovskih than concentrated computational power
to INTEL'e (IBM).
PC users are usually not for the trees
see the forest. Need a different, detailed view, which would
allow look at the PC platform outside and cover it as a whole,
identifying its organic flaws as a complex system as a whole.
Platform Spectrum, speaking as an opponent, can develop and
provide This point of view.
The main problem behind -
the inability to counteract the system
stereotypes, turned into
Official doctrine, which introduces a
misled many people. Monoculture
IBM, like a weed, choking all the germs of common sense,
contrary to it. This is an extremely dangers. However,
countering and deterring the PC platform in its economically -
viable framework is possible only at the level of counteracting
platform. All sorts of purely academic delights, whether they
are true even three times, will be voice in the wilderness.
Platform Spectrum can provide such an opportunity.
Maybe with the help of platfotmy Spectrum
and not be able to settle the raging
"Dinosaurs" to their ethnic homeland. But
themselves spin-offs will have
very important and far-reaching consequences
both technically and economically
and socio-cultural terms. Particularly want to emphasize that
an explicit constructive grain in this approach to problemma
which dramatically sets him apart from the common and
widespread practice of patching specific holes, which is
fundamentally unable to reverse the existing (and
macro-economic, including) the trend is not to mention a
creative strategic potential. Need to expend energy
(Time, money, labor) than patching holes,
and the support and coordination processes
which will lead to their extinction.
Historically, the typical российскойгосударствености clumsy
attempts to "bestow" their people above have outlived
themselves and they should have no place in the postindustrial
era. Course of history has always would return Russia to the
point where decision was wrong. Of course
Now, with respect to informtsionnym
technologies, we have to go back
7 let.Dlya culture that moment. Samu
culture, itself a public body can
regarded as a complex system. This
can explain much of the story. Oppressed by the force in the
early 18 th century religious schism Accompanying the abolition
of the patriarchate and the establishment of St. Synod (ie,
absorption of church government, Nikonov reform) without being
obsolete and not co-opted by the culture, resulted in to
national disasters: a new split and religoiznym war years
1917-24 (Remember: "... and the commissars in dusty helmets bow
down in silence at me "- is not the twelve apostles, nothing
evangilie?) History does indeed repeat property. Here's a quote
from the text of the 18 th century [L.6]:
"... It is a small thing, all the bride of Christ destroyed.
Romans destroyed by thieves, blyadiny children, ruined,
disgraced zelo. Rage are playing in the church of that! Coy that
captured, he then dragged her ... "The words of Archpriest of
Habakkuk, as if written today ...
If, once again, the decision will
taken wrong, for it prdetsya
pay a high price. Perhaps someone
such profound generalizations seem pretentious. We turn to the
N. Winer, one of the Pillars of the computer revolution. (1964)
[L.2].
"The computer is valuable for exactly
so how valuable uses it
man ... We can appreciate more on
person for the work he performs. We have to evaluate him as a
man ... If we insist on the use of machinery everywhere,
bezotnasitelno to people, but prehodim not the most fundamental
consideration and do not give human beings the proper place in
the world, we are lost. "
But something about computer technology (again, N. Winer)
"The progress of automation in the past been detained several
times. It is not necessary, if we make a new weapon, immediately
let him move. "
Combination of hypertrophic state imposes its sverhdorogih
services and absurd decision and the lack of
civil society (middle class)
able to sballansirovat and control (to limit the ambitions)
seems anachronistic for the postindustrial era. Bearing in mind
the words of Machiavelli, "The purpose of government -
Reproduction power, "we can say that information technology
will force authorities to respect its citizens, since otherwise
the power of his lose power. Want to or not, and
have to trust and to provide its
citizens the right to make decisions and
responsible for them, thus filling the meaning of "national
idea" and to which it makes its own contribution. Then
characteristic of Russian culture and world collegiality stop
regularly translated into life as a herd and help each
individual realize their self-worth is through
service to Russia and not kokomu a specific person or official
doctrine, which, generally speaking, may not conform to
national interests.
The author can be accused of undue bias and categorical
ratings. Perhaps this is so. However, the validity approach in
general is not in doubt. Work on such excess uslozhennoy
technique as IBM, leads to unnecessary losses
time, effort and money and disproportionate results obtained.
Technique IBM does not match the economic realities of Russia,
and the slump in prices for computers due to precisely this,
and not another "Technological breakthrough" SSHA in the
industry.
Market rejects economically inefficient technique because it
just does not pay off. Probably the tendency will grow market,
at least, is oversaturated IBM-clones. The use of such
computers at home for the unskilled polzovatlya for its
intended purpose, ie, as a universal means of information
processing, it is impossible.
Sometimes users Spectrum'a allude to the fact that they lag
behind the time, not Passing on a platform PC. Same author
seems that, by happy
chance, they managed to avoid it
temptation. If they are really lagging behind,
then the herd compatriots lomanuvshihsya there all in a heap.
And the herd effect triggered by Her Majesty's
Official doctrine.
Well inakonets prospects. Efficiency (economic feasibility)
information technologies is directly linked
with the macroeconomic parameters. In
Specifically, with real incomes. These settings are instantly
changed can not be. It will take years, if not
decades, to power PCs were imported fleet demand
en masse, and based on economic considerations (and not for
reasons of prestige, or someone else's benefit). Platform
Spectrum now able to realize
and support architecture that is comparable to
286/386 models, IBM PC. Which,
simplicity of the interface and adaptability to
Russian conditions, and will be better and more profitable than
the monsters of IBM.
Literature.
1. Umberto Eco's "Foucault pendulum" (Roman;
Publishing House "Feith" Kiev, 1995, 780s.
2. Nobert Winner "Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in
the Animal and Machine" Publishing House 2-e, Nauka, Moscow
1983, 340s.
3. G. Nicolas and I. Prigogine, "Exploring Complexity". Trans.
from English. Dr Faculty of Sciences m VF Pastushenko. M.,
"Mir" 1990, 334s.
4. L. Glass and Mackey M. From Clocks to Chaos:
Rhythms of Life ", Ed. from English. 1991 AM; Mir
248s.
5. Niklaus Wirth, "On the development of languages
programming to design
Computer "-" Microprocessor
means and systems "N4 1989.
6. Habakkuk (priest) "Life of Archpriest
Habakkuk, written by himself and others
his writings / [avt.komment. NK Gudz and
others, the accession of Art. G. Prokhorov] - Arkhangelsk,
North-West. book. Publishing House, 1990 - 351s. - (Russian
North) quote: p. 95.
