Programming languages.
Despite the fact that programming languages today more than
500, they can be divided into 2 groups: the first consists of
those languages that allow lay in the car the way solution
(algorithm), the second group - are logical functional
languages, which attract attention in connection with research
in the field of artificial intellekta.K first group includes
FORTRAN, BASIC, Algol, C, Pascal, etc., to the second Lisp,
Prolog, Logo and t.d.Pervye representatives of both groups
appeared simultaneously in 50-e gody.Odnim of the patriarchs
believe Fortran.Fortran languages (from English. FORmula
TRANslating System - System events formulas) is aimed at
solving scientific and engineering problems, was developed by
IBM in the mid-50's, that defined his osobennosti.V while
filling the computer was expensive, so the traditional Fortran
sparingly drawn from memory and there is no possibility of
indirect adresatsii.On poorly to структурированию.Программисты
believe this is his nedostatkom.I still in FORTRAN in our
country write more than 30 years: among the causes of machine
such as IBM and a large number of ready programm.Odna recent
version - Fortran 8x.Beysik (from the English. Beginner's
All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code - a universal
symbolic code of instructions for beginners), a direct
descendant of Fortran and the most popular language
programmirovaniya.Poyavilsya he 1964 g.Nazvat's difficult, but
the main credit for his appearance belongs to Americans John
Kemeny and Thomas Kurtsu.Interpritator the language held in
memory Computer 80 years no more than 8 kb, and this has
attracted to not only fans, but professionalov.V Unlike
Fortran, he treats not only numerical but also the character
variables, and therefore be more convenient for everyday
zadach.Prostota BASIC turned difficulty of structuring, as well
as the inability rekursii.Seychas developed a powerful compiler
BASIC, which provide a rich vocabulary, high speed and the
ability to structured programming (konstrkutsiya
WHILE - WEND). Algol (from the English. ALGOrithmic
Language - ALGOL) appeared
almost immediately after Fortrana.Emu inherent
all the features of the algorithmic yazyka.V it
provides an opportunity rekursii.Odnovremenno with the language
have been developed theoretical criteria: the ability to
structure, self-documentation and t.d.Prinyato distinguish
between Algol 60 (completely absent from the I / O) and
improved Algol 68.No as is often the language late and the
money spent on IBMovsky Fortran stopped the development of both
Algola.On and remained the language of teorii.Bolshuyu known
are the principles laid down in the first Algol.Oni formed the
basis for PL / 1, Pascal Si.Si (from the English. C - 3rd
letter of the alphabet) was conceived as a tool
for the development of the operating system Unix, which arose
in the early 70's he godov.Na moment of Cu was the main weapon
system programmer, it allows you to solve such problems, which
otherwise would require use Assemblera.Yazyk requires
Programmer high discipline, but dospukaet brief formulirovki.Si
essentially the core language that is easy to learn, but
difficult to learn how pisma.Neobhodimye expansion
opredlyayutsya it as a function of polzovatelya.Na practice any
system of Cu contains quite an extensive library
functions, which arises from the need to
go программирования.Привлекательная trait Sea - the presence of
structuring, modularity, defining data types and
rekursivnost.Prakticheski for each type of computer has at
least one version of the compiler Si.Mashinnye program
porazhdaemye compiler, more compact, and satisfied faster than
those that the compiler generates Pascal, and yet supposedly no
Cu the best language for beginners
programmista.Pasklal (Pascal - so named
after the famous mathematician Blaise Pascal) was the first
example of a true language structural programmirovaniya.Odnako
you often hear reproaches Pascal because of his excessive
formality and rigid requirements for petty programmistu.Inogda
Pascal compared with the square kolesom.Modula-2 (from the
English. Modula-2) - heir apparent Paskalya.Avtor
1 st and 2 nd from Professor Niklaus Wirth
Shveytsarii.V module will appear on traits that
reminiscent of C, allowing
programmer to "look inward" mashiny.Yazyk targeted at the
organization of parallel processes, which ensures high
performance of finished programmy.Kobol (from Eng. COmmon
Business Oriented Language - language oriented to the general
business) - old language developed for research
economic sfere.Pozvolyaet effectively
work with large amounts of data, rich in a variety of options
to search, sort and raspredeleniya.O programs in COBOL (base on
the wide use of English) said that they understood even by
those who do not speak COBOL, since the texts of the program
does not require special kommentariyah.Podobnye program called
самодокументирующимися.Еще one plus its strukturirovannost.K
drawback is the fact that COBOL can be programmed only the
simplest algebraic vychisleniya.Dlya engineering
calculations it is not goditsya.Esche one reason that hinders
the language - the presence of in the U.S. specially created
branch Committee, the deliberative standards of compliance
which the following governmental Commission. As it always
happens in such cases, firms engaged in software not in a hurry
customize your piece to the requirements komissii.PL / 1 (from
the English. PL / 1 - Programming Language 1 - Programming
Language 1) - result of the first attempts to create a
universal language using the popular quality Other
yazykov.Sozdavalsya it by IBM in early 60's and got the
features of Fortran, Algol and Kobola.Napominaet great designer
with lots of detail, so that the user only has to master only
those part of the language which he neobhodimy.Programmistu
begin with BASIC is easier to learn PL / 1 than Paskal.Tsel
that chased language designers identified
its construction - most operators
gromozdki.V general - a living dinosaur in the Babylon of
languages programmirovaniya.V full volume PL / 1 and has not
been implemented on personal kompyuterah.Ada (in honor of the
Countess Augusta Ada Lovelace - daughter of Lord Byron, written
with Charles Babbage the first program for the Analytical
Engine invented yet in 1830) despite a romantic story with the
title was developed on the instructions of the Ministry of
Defence SShA.Prednaznachalsya Programming
embedded in military equipment specialized computers, and
therefore pay tribute to the technical features of
sistem.Takzhe focused on creating large software
proektov.Struktura language like Pascal and allows you to
control parallel computing that protsessy.Poka U.S. Department
of Defense uses Hell for all software razrabotok.Budushee
Ada on personal computers neopredelenno.Fort (from the English.
Forth - both forward and Fourth - fourth) - a language for
solving upravleniya.Segodnyashny Fort virtually impossible to
classification: interpreter, compiler or operating
system? The main idea of the Fort - based on
source dictionary to define new slova.Vklyuchat them to the
library and through them define new words and slova.Poslednee
there is a program crucial zadachu.Yadro Fort, ie functions
that are necessary for initial dialogue with the machine is
very compact, and the generated texts in the native very
effektivny.Programmy at Fort hard to read "to the uninitiated,
and mathematical expressions are not very naglyadnym.Fort
requires the programmer to perseverance, but also allows you to
write any program: from video games to a large system, with a
real-vremeni.Lisp (from the English. Lisp) second after Fortran
language when talking about vozraste.Lisp representative
functional language in программирования.Ориентирован dynamic
data processing, there is no way significant difference between
data and programming Lisp: the numbers and signs, programs and
data are lists that allows the programmer to process them
efficiently, thus the ability to recycle itself. This allows
the use of Lisp to solve problem for which there is no clear
algorithm resheniya.Obychno language creates focus on specific
mashinu.V case for new versions of Lisp were special Lisp
machines, which corresponds to the structure arhitekruta
yazyka.Bolshinstvo versions of Lisp acquired features of other
languages and deviate significantly from "pure"
Lispa.Ustroystvo language enables new designs we extend that
Recalls Fort.V mostly Lisp is used for the construction of
artificial intellekta.Prolog (from the English. PROLOG -
PROgramming in LOGic - logic programming) has appeared as a
European counterbalance to American Lisp and refers to language
for creating artificial systems intellekta.Osnovnaya concept of
language - to translate a logical problem in the text
programmy.Kompyuter must independently show the result of facts
and rules, with This does not give the programmer a way
resheniya.Programmist determines only the objects and relating
thereto, and Logic svyazi.Kak Lisp does not distinguish between
data and programmu.Shiroko distributed Turbo Prolog for
personal computers, but it does not change the property
ispolnemuyu programmu.Okkam (OCCAM - in honor of the philosopher
William of Ockham, claiming that the concept of irreducible to
intuitive knowledge and is not verifiable experience, must be
removed from the Science: "Essence must not be multiplied
without necessary ") - an example of how software should be for
technical innovations, designed for use with transputers, ie
microprocessor based on the use of multiple concurrent
protsessorov.Okkam divides solution to the parallel proceeding
protsessy.Smoltolk (from the English. Small Talk -
short conversation) can work with
abstract objects that do not have
nothing to do with the technical properties
computer, nor with the classical objects
processing, ie numbers or lettered tsepochkami.Ispolzuetsya in
artificial intellekta.Takoe same name is interactive
programming environment, developed by Research Xerox Centre, a
leading work in the field Artificial intellekta.V concepts
these two languages have ideas that surpass the capabilities
of modern computers.
Text packed under "School begins
Programmer "from the magazine" Science and Life "
number of 9.1989 per year.
