Author: Sergey Kolotov, SerzhSoft
__________________________________________
FLOATING ATTRIBUTES
Behold the codes.
Kuzma Fes'kov
If all the distinguished Sir Clive
Sinclair, after a Speccy would have seen
For example, boot with Enlight'96, he probably would not
believe his eyes. And how would He was still able to react if
his child with attributes that are tightly tied to familiarity,
suddenly, "spits the high mountains on All these zamorochki and
begins to move attributes as he only likes ...
Like all guessed it - we are talking about
Floating-colored inscription "Enlight", consisting of colored
squares the size of one of familiarity. Of course, after some
during the Great Sir surely would have guessed
"Where's the dog fumbled. The thing is
that, along with the change of attributes,
of work with the graphical information that is visible picture
is collection of graphics and all those same attributes.
For example, it is necessary to derive the black
screen box with a red X-coordinate 5 (in pixels). In this case,
work will involve two familiarity. In the first we establish
familiarity Color INK equal to 2 (red) and zabem eight graphic
byte with a value % 00000111. As a result, we obtain some
desired us square in red, beginning with a 5 pixel and a length
of 3 pixels. Now we will work with the second familiarity. Here
we have the opposite color instead INK Place the red PAPER, but
the schedule also fill byte% 00000111. Unincorporated pixels
have the color of PAPER, and finally we obtain the missing part
of the shifted square width of 5 pixels. Here we
painted red square the size of a single familiarity. To add to
it, For example, the right one, say green, we will do so:
The second change the color of familiarity INK
to green (4) - that's half the work already
done. Third, familiarity again zabem
byte% 00000111, and set it in color
PAPER = 4. That's it!
Thus, it is possible to derive an algorithm
to fill a line of "shifted" to
Distance X (in pixels) of attributes:
1. Calculates the bytes of graphics, in which
will be included (8-( x mod 8)) the right bits.
2. This byte fill the entire line of familiarity screen (32
characters). That is already scheduled, and brought ...
3. Attributes will be output with (x div 8)
position. Moreover, each attribute will
two colors: INK - the color of this "square" and PAPER - the
color of the previous one. In the the first attribute to set
the color PAPER - background color (eg, 0), because previous
something he does not.
Note. The operation "mod" - taking
the remainder of the division, and "div" - integer division.
There is another "but." The whole range
attributes of brightness at each of them must
be the same. That is, or at all -
BRIGHT 1, or - BRIGHT 0. Otherwise, we get a distorted picture
- one of the adjacent squares, which does not match the
brightness, will be shown as two rectangles of one color, but
with different BRIGHT'om!
For better absorption of the material (these
words do not evoke Do you have some memories!) let's look at
podrobnenko specific program from the full screen showing the
"swimming attributes.
This program is just used
one of the techniques of modern demomaking'a
on the Speccy - Programming in realtime,
as I argued in the preceding article.
Indeed, in time to bring
floating attributes the entire screen for one
interruption, while leaving a few thousand cycles per player
music - traditional methods can not do.
Realtime-programming - that is what will save the
us!
To easily understand the software, you need to have a direct
two texts: the program itself and its description. Better, of
course, print them on printer (at least, the program), but it
is not all, unfortunately, is available. The matter is
complicated by the fact that the program listing is
64-character format, which is still DEJA VU in the journal have
not met ... But believing in the steepness of coders (DANIIL,
CARDINAL !!!), I hope that it will not create problems for
them. The best solution problems would have been possible
without the interference switch between two windows show
(window article - 42 characters and a window listing of 64
characters), and stores the position text and there, and there
... I think that the 128 KB memory will not create any problems
for this. And further it is useful
for other papers. All the more so in other journals, this has
not been (and if they pull?)!
So, we turn to the description ...
First we must define the addresses: where to have the code,
where the data; which generates realtime'ovye procedure? So
how we want our program to work and wheelbarrows on the brake,
it means that all codes, we will have to sit in the second page
of RAM, that is, addresses # 8000 (32768).
Many programmers (and I belong to
These included) always put the team in early
direct transition at the beginning of the program (JP
...). Then there are constants, variables,
data, finally ... And this, in my opinion,
correctly. Indeed, in almost all languages
programming at the beginning are descriptions of variables and
only then is the program itself. Yes, and just convenient when
the variables are always in sight, "and not necessary every
time to strain the leaf search for the end of the program where
they are, other time, sit!
Still need to decide: where to have different tables,
arrays, etc. We can proceed like this: Select
memory address # 6000 to # 7fff for data
and proudly call this area "segment
of data. "Specifies constants _DATA, indicating the beginning
of this" segment ", and now all the plates and arrays we
adresovyvat using this pointer.
Example:
_DATA EQU # 4000
TRK_TBL EQU _DATA;, # 0100
SHF_TBL EQU _DATA + # 0100;, # 0100
Here, for convenience, in comments after the decimal point
indicates the size of plaques or an array of ...
Yes, if you dismantle the entire program in detail - not
enough for a megabyte, so I highlighted only some of the
procedures and the most important points. Will hope that the
rest of you will understand themselves, relying on his
knowledge and given comments ...
Once launched, you'll have to wait
about 15 seconds while waiting for the program will calculate
the 256-byte table "sinus" displacements (TRK_TBL), on which,
and will "float" attribute. The table is calculated using the
procedure CALCTRK, in which not the least is the use of a
calculator, which slows the calculation. Of course, it was
possible to fill all at once, or 256 bytes in assembler or load
file INSERT'om (INCBIN) ... But assignment of such plates by
hand - it rather tedious, besides here, you can experiment with
different values, substituting them in the process CALCTRK. For
example, try replacing # 3f on any other number and see what
happens ...
By the way, I hope that the editors DEJA
VU will find a way to embed start
This program directly from the viewer
Articles with the support of the music (with special attention
to the third bit is the port # FD). Moreover, in this If,
instead of calling CALCTRK need to have already calculated
plate TRK_TBL, to not to bore readers.
So, what happens after you run
this program? On the screen you will see
nice picture of the eight-floating attributes. It is possible
to change the rate of "navigation" (the key
'1'...' 0 ') and "style" (the key
'A' .. 'Z'). Feel free to experiment. You'll love it.
On the curb you can see two bands:
blue and red. They show the performance and the relative speed
of the procedures graphics output (blue line) and attributes
(red). This is done for emphasis visibility - you can estimate
approximately how many processor cycles is each of the
procedures and how long it remains free ...
Perhaps a simple pattern you is not so interesting. It is
possible to replace it on any of the images - 8 colors. For
This procedure should be replaced by MAKESCR
Transfer pictures to the ATR_SCR. The picture is of the format
48 * 24 points, each point - 1 byte with color INK. The lines
are one behind another.
RENDER procedure converts a normal picture (INK) in a format
INK + PAPER for further use in the program ...
RAMPAGE procedure produces output in
Port # FD. Moreover, the full address of the port (# 7FFD) and,
moreover, set the second bit of register A. This is done for
preventive purposes - in the hope that Some lamer finally learn
how to need to turn to port # FD and begin to carry out any of
this ...
Most important, in my opinion - is
procedures and MAKE_FS MAKE_OA. These procedures, I would call
the "virtual programmer"! They have a just and kodyat in
realtime ... That is, generate the desired sequence of codes in
the memory - the procedures and FILLSEG OUTATR2. On These
procedures created and lay the responsibility for the rapid
withdrawal of the image on the screen. Place reserved for them
immediately after the last "normal" procedure (in this case,
OUT_ATR). AND they have something just must be in the fast RAM
- in page 2 (# 8000). For all the procedures generated
we distinguish the so-called code segment, which is addressed
label _CODE. A it is all caused by the procedure should be
"repelled" is from this label. In short, as well as in _DATA.
Of course, you can say: "Why
us all the freaking segments, _DATA,
_CODE! "Imagine that you need to link multiple effects, while
sitting in memory, but working alternately. And we need to
allocate space for each for data and additional realtime-codes.
At all simply may not have enough memory, but if they will use
the same area of memory, addressing them segment, then all
must come out. And the clearer it will look ...
The procedure creates MAKE_ST plate
shifts of bytes of graphics. There are 8 such shifts: # FF, #
7F, # 3F, # 1F, # 0F, # 07, # 03, # 01. But the plate is 256
bytes - shifts are repeated. The table is created for
accelerate the calculations and principle - not
required. But then everything will slow down ...
Procedure OUT_TRK displays
graphic information shifted attributes, and the procedure
OUT_ATR displays the attributes themselves. During the call,
these procedures interruption in any case prohibited,
as in OUT_TRK and OUT_ATR is working with
stack, and if, for example, execution time exceeds the interval
between interrupts, the bugs - are inevitable!
I think you have decent "Download"
and therefore I will call it a day. Read carefully the
commentary to the program, understand, and better download the
assembler and try to make any changes to the
listing ... can then cool and you get ...
If you do not become ill after reading
this article and you want to know more about anything else that
cool effect, for example, from best'ovyh megadem, then do not
be lazy to write to the editor. That "order" effect, which
receives the greatest The number of votes and will be
considered next time. But manages, as release magazine do not
wait!
Author: Sergey Kolotov
__________________________________________
;----------------------------------------;
; FLOATING ATTRIBUTES;
; (C) SerzhSoft, Shadrinsk, 07.10.97;
;----------------------------------------;
ORG # 8000; address assembles.
JP MAINPRG; jump through ne
variables at the beginning
Lo
;----------------------------------------;
_NULL EQU 0; used in
change commands
LAST_K EQU # 5C08; code down the fold.
BANK_M EQU # 5B5C; copy port # FD
STACK_A EQU # 2D28; entry of A to
stack calculator
FP_TO_A EQU # 2DD5; withdrawal number of
stack of pa-in p-p A
;----------------------------------------;
_DATA EQU # 6000; address segment
ment data
GOVERNMENTAL
TRK_TBL EQU _DATA + # 0000, # 0100 -
Table
mp-torii
Navigation
SHF_TBL EQU _DATA + # 0100;, # 0100 -
Table
shifted
ZN-places
ATR_SCR EQU _DATA + # 0200;, # 0480 -
col. ct
Tinka 48 *
* 24 points
DATAEND EQU ATR_SCR + # 0480; end
Segment
Data
;----------------------------------------;
TRK_UK DW TRK_TBL; Index "beginning
la "trajectory
STP_TRK DB 1; step change
in the motion. on
trajectory
STP_SCR DB 6, a step change in
output image
;----------------------------------------;
MAINPRG; top of the head unit program
EI; bit. prairie.
LD A, # 17; selected 7 th
page of RAM and
done
CALL RAMPAGE; see 0th eq
wounds (the third bit in
A)
XOR A; A resets
OUT (# FE), A; BORDER 0
LD HL, # 5AFF; further -
LD (HL), A; clear the 0th eq
wounds
LD D, H; and starting
LD E, L; since the last am
ributa
DEC E; and moving from above
xy - down.
LD BC, # 1AFF; it is necessary that
would not arise
PUSH BC; situation where
schedule is
LDDR; reset to zero and one hundred
rye attributes
POP BC; still "sit"
on the screen.
LD HL, # DAFF; similar eyes
schaem
LD (HL), A; the first screen of
at
LD D, H; with # c000, because
we
LD E, L; connect the 7-th
page
DEC E; where he is and we find
reduces
LDDR; it is on this
address.
CALL CALCTRK; calculation of trajectories
theory of motion
TRK_TBL
CALL MAKE_ST; calculated shifts
bytes SHF_TBL
CALL MAKE_OA; creation Ave algebra
output attributes
CALL MAKE_FS; capacity-e pr-algebra
filled. Segment
scr.
CALL MAKESCR; drew al
ributnuyu car-ku
CALL RENDER; and changed its
as needed
SET 3, (IY + # 30); caps-establish
Vili mode zag
Lavna letters
;
LP_MAIN; main loop
HALT; waited
Interrupt
(Ns of the beam)
LD A, (BANK_M); and changed
active and
visible
XOR # 0A; screen space
mi, ie
CALL RAMPAGE; "see one,
and working with
others "
DI; ban interrupt th
LD A, # 01; BORDER 1
OUT (# FE), A
CALL OUT_TRK; derive the boundary
crystallographic Institute
formation
LD A, # 02; set
OUT (# FE), A; BORDER 2
CALL OUT_ATR; derive Atri
butnuyu information
mation
XOR A
OUT (# FE), A; BORDER 0
EI; permit limit
closing the
LD HL, STP_TRK; produce
LD A, (TRK_UK); movement of
trajectory
ADD A, (HL); (modified
pointer)
LD (TRK_UK), A; with a given step
GOM (STP_TRK)
LD A, (LAST_K); took the code
seq. down
keys
CP ""; if this code
gap
JR Z, EX_MAIN; then complete the
work
SUB "0" when pressed
JR C, LP_MAIN; digital cluster
Vishal
CP # 0A; (ie
'0'...' 9 '),
JR NC, GO_MAIN; its value
(No code)
LD (HL), A; put in a ne
belt
STP_TRK
JR LP_MAIN; the main
cycle
GO_MAIN SUB # 11, but if pressed
JR C, LP_MAIN; any
friend. key
CP # 1A, then
JR NC, LP_MAIN; respectively
INC HL; puts the number of
0 .. 25
LD (HL), A; in cell
STP_SCR
JR LP_MAIN; stuck ...
;
EX_MAIN; completion
Work Goals
Noah percent-algebra
LD HL, # 2758; set
register HL '
EXX; to correct
Nogo output in
BASIC,
RET; that and you
performs
;----------------------------------------;
RAMPAGE; Connection page of RAM and a choice
visible screen
OR # 40; set 6, a-a
insurance
LD BC, # 7FFD
LD (BANK_M), A; remembered with
derzhimoe A in
cell
OUT (C), A; and gave it
value
Port # FD
RET; exit from the
procedure
;
CALCTRK; calculation and populate the table
trajectory
LD HL, TRK_TBL; top Tabley
particle trajectory
LP_CTRK PUSH HL; store ad
interest element
Table
LD A, L; number of elements
that in the table
CALL STACK_A; puts on
stack tracing
oscillator
LD A, # 40; 1/4-aya width
screen at the peak
mudflows
CALL STACK_A; placed
there is
RST # 28; calc
DB # A3; stk_pi / 2
DB # 01; exchange
DB # 05; divide
DB # 04; multiply
DB # 1F; sin
DB # 38; endcalc
LD A, # 3F; maximum
deviation
"Sine"
CALL STACK_A; put on
stack tracing
oscillator
RST # 28; calc
DB # 04; multiply
DB # 38; endcalc
CALL FP_TO_A; shoot number
from the stack
Calculator pa
JR Z, $ +4 ;-----> if
number of positive
Indeed
NEG; a =- a |
POP HL ;<---- v Vos
rehydrating
your e-ta
LD (HL), A; (HL) = 63 * sin
(L * 256/2/pi)
INC L; the transition to
seq. elements
that table
JR NZ, LP_CTRK; cycle calculation
All 256
E-tam
RET; output
;
MAKESCR; establishment of demonstration Color
Image 48 * 24 points
LD HL, ATR_SCR; buffer address
a picture
LD C, # 18; height car
Tinky: 24
LP_MS21 LD B, # 30, the width of car
Tinky: 48
LP_MS22 LD A, B; compute
SUB C; color point
AND # 07; reject
extra bits
LD (HL), A; put
INC HL; transition to
seq. point
DJNZ LP_MS22; spun
Loop
Columns
DEC C; until the picture
not finished
las
JR NZ, LP_MS21; twist cycle
the lines
RET; output
;
RENDER; bringing images to the desired
for the program note
LD HL, ATR_SCR; address is located
Proposition car
roughcast
LD C, # 18, height: 24
LP_REN1 LD E, (HL); have color
first point
INC HL; and moved to
second
LD B, # 2F; left -
another 47 points
LP_REN2 LD A, E; A = value
previous color
duschey point
LD E, (HL); to E have brought
color of the current
point
RLA; eventually
RLA; all these
RLA; operations
we get:
XOR E; color previous
ing point-like
PAPER
AND # 38, and the value
color of the current
point
XOR E; remained
netsya color
INK
OR # 40; include bits
Brightness
LD (HL), A; here, a new
value and
calculated ...
INC HL; move
more
DJNZ LP_REN2; twist cycle
one
line
DEC C; continue
work
JR NZ, LP_REN1; until the transition
doing everything
line
RET; exit from the
procedure
;
MAKE_ST; computation table shifts bytes
Graphics
LD HL, SHF_TBL; starting address
table shift
gov
LP_MST1 LD A, # FF; primary
value-all
bits to 1
LP_MST2 LD (HL), A; put those
kuschy element
in table
SRL A; shift
bytes to the right,
7_bit = 0
INC L; the transition to
next
element
RET Z; if the table
ended -
output
OR A; if bytes is not
full of
nulen,
JR NZ, LP_MST2; simply
twist cycle
JR LP_MST1; otherwise - again
set
all bits
;
MAKE_FS; creates a procedure for filling in one segment of the
screen
LD HL, FILLSEG; starting address
buffer under
procedure
LD C, # 10; height in value
COMEST * 2
LP_MFS1 LD (HL), # 08; command code
ex af, af '
INC HL; more ...
LD (HL), # D9; command code
exx
INC HL; more ...
LD A, # C5; to begin with
Manda push bc
LP_MFS2 LD B, # 10, all you need
16 teams to
1 line
LP_MFS3 LD (HL), A; code of the current
push instructions
INC HL; next
Team
DJNZ LP_MFS3; total floor
chile 1916 push
ADD A, # 10, moved to
next
team push
JR NC, LP_MFS2; and reiterated
yet exist.
such a k-hole
DEC C; reduced
meter semi
series
JR NZ, LP_MFS1; repeat
8 * 2 = 16 times
LD (HL), # C3; command code
jp ...
INC HL; more ...
LD DE, RT_OTRK; address
"Return" of
FILLSEG
LD (HL), E; record in
Bytes
INC HL; settings to
Manda jp
LD (HL), D; and get in
eventually jp
RT_OTRK
RET; exit from the
procedure
;
OUT_TRK; procedure for graphics output
"Floating attributes"
LD IX, (STP_SCR); record in the XL values
of STP_SCR
LD HL, # C000 + # 0800; final
address first
Vågå segment
ment
LD (SP_OTR1 +1), HL; paste
the team
LD SP, ...
LD HL, (TRK_UK); pointer
Table
trajectory
LP_OTRK LD D, SHF_TBL/256; starsh.bayt
Address Table
Litsa shift
gov
LD A, # 08; in the segment
- 8 lines
familiarity
LP_PUSH EX AF, AF '; kept in
alternative
Otherwise AF '
LD E, (HL); value
Table spectrum
trajectory
LD A, (DE); this shift
Table
shifts
LD C, A; here and take
bytes out
LD B, A; and records
reg-algebra C and B
PUSH BC; and then this
a couple of throws
on stack
LD A, XL; move
ADD A, L; on the table
trajectory
LD L, A; to step in
Register XL
EX AF, AF '; the number of wasps
tavshihsya
string of characters
places
DEC A; subtract
unit, and -
until
JR NZ, LP_PUSH; they do not con
chilis -
twist cycle
LD (HL_OTRK +1), HL; remember
Index
trajectory
POP BC; shoot
POP DE; obtained
POP HL
POP AF; 8 values
EX AF, AF '; trajectory
EXX; from the stack
POP BC; and put
POP DE; all
POP HL; working p-algebra
POP AF; BC, DE, HL, AF
, BC ', DE', HL '
, AF '
LD (SP_OTR2 +1), SP; remember
system
Decree-l
Stack
SP_OTR1 LD SP, _NULL; SP = e
end
segment is equivalent to
wound
JP FILLSEG; call cos
Data Repository
Procedure
FILLSEG
;
RT_OTRK; here we are "back" of the procedure
FILLSEG team jp
LD HL, # 1000, go to
next
ADD HL, SP; segment
graphics
screen
LD (SP_OTR1 +1), HL; put in
team
Download SP
SP_OTR2 LD SP, _NULL; recovered
Vai systems
Noe value
Stack
DEC HL; check:
indicates whether
Register HL
LD A, H; end
Segment
screen ...
HL_OTRK LD HL, _NULL; (restore
Index
trajectory
CP # D8; ... or already
time zakrug
lyatsya?
JR C, LP_OTRK; if we have
in the screen, then
run around
RET; exit
Procedure
;
MAKE_OA; creates a procedure for the withdrawal of "floating"
attributes on images
LD HL, OUTATR2; buffer address
under the procedure
LD DE, # D800; starting address
attribute is equivalent to
wound
LD B, # 18, total - 24
line Atri
casks
LP_MOA1 PUSH BC; kept on
stack
PUSH DE; DE used
is later
EX DE, HL; in DE - Address
buffer under
procedure
LD HL, BL_MOA1; block address
processing
one line
LD BC, LN_MOA1; the length of this
code block
ka
LDIR; transfer
EX DE, HL; on creating
Dime piece
Codes
POP DE; fast
O line
LD B, # 10; attributes Th
cut glass
(16 * 2 = 32 b).
LP_MOA2 LD (HL), # E1; command code
pop hl-take
2 bytes
INC HL; more ...
LD (HL), # 22; ld (...), hl
- Put
to screen
INC HL; more ...
LD (HL), E; ml. Byte Hell
rez on the screen
(Atrib.)
INC HL; more ...
LD (HL), D; Art. Byte Hell
rez on the screen
(Atrib.)
INC HL; more ...
INC DE; moved to
another
INC DE; address in eq
wound
DJNZ LP_MOA2; spun
cycle - the creation
Is 16 pieces
POP BC; restored
row count
DJNZ LP_MOA1; and spun
cycle (24
line)
LD (HL), # C3; command code
jp ...
INC HL; more ...
LD DE, RT_OATR; address
returns
Create REC. pr-algebra
LD (HL), E; put in
Codes
INC HL; address commands
hole jp, sex
tea
LD (HL), D; Thus
Thus the command
jp RT_OATR
RET; exit from the
procedure
;
BL_MOA1; block codes for the formation of Pr-algebra
OUTATR2 - calculations
LD A, (BC); took bytes
bias
Pictures
CPL; proinvertiro
Wali and fast
rektirovali
ADD A, # 48; - beginning with
"0" instead of
"-48"
RRA; divide
RRA; obtained
RRA; number 8
AND # 1F; reject
unnecessary
high-order bits
ADD A, E; added to
top line
Pictures
LD L, A; attributes -
ADC A, D; calculate the hell
res
SUB L; biased if
SRI
LD H, A; attributes - in
HL
LD A, E; Index
ADD A, # 30, beginning
LD E, A; current
ADC A, D; line
SUB E; translate
LD D, A; the next
LD A, XL; move
ADD A, C; on the table
"Navigation"
LD C, A; offset
in XL
LD SP, HL; attributes will
We shall withdraw
from the stack
LN_MOA1 EQU $-BL_MOA1; length of the floor
chennogo block
Codes
;
OUT_ATR; procedure for deriving image attributes on the table
on the screen
LD (SP_OATR +1), SP; store
system
stack
LD DE, ATR_SCR; address Atri
butnoy car
roughcast 48 * 24
LD BC, (TRK_UK); pointer
Table the motion
tion
LD IX, (STP_SCR); XL = STP_SCR:
step in Table
chain motion
JP OUTATR2; transition to
created
pr-py O
;
RT_OATR; here is a "return" from the procedure OUTATR2 by jp
SP_OATR LD SP, _NULL; recovered
Vai systems
LIMITED stack
RET; exit from the
procedure
;----------------------------------------;
_CODE EQU $; top segment
ment gene
of the recorded
Codes
FILLSEG EQU _CODE + # 0000, # 0423 - for
complement
segment that is equivalent to
wound
OUTATR2 EQU _CODE + # 0423;, # 0873 - you
water attributes
Comrade Pictures
CODEEND EQU OUTATR2 + # 0873; end
additional
Tel'nykh to
Dov
;-----------------------------------------;
