(C) Inozemtsev A. aka Stranger
(C) David Willis (add)
SOUND CARD WITH DIRECT ACCESS
Before you offer your
the attention of the author's description text, I want to
immediately noticed that the proposed development is not a
regular fantasy, and already exists in many copies and
sufficiently supported by the software. So
anyone who wants to build himself a musical card that exceeds
the capabilities of General Sound, and the proposed next
article. In the best position are the owners of the
Pentagon-512 - for they have a complete description of the
assembly, setting up and connecting. To connect to
other models of the Spectrum to little to understand the
organization of memory your computer.
A bit of history.
Long ago, when the land is still walking the pioneers (and
Komsomol), when the ultimate dream musician was electric and
when the computer just published their first squeaks, even then
there were people who are thinking: "Why not
get the computer to play some
melody? ". ... And made since
computer (under the "computer music"
often involve the entire synth music, but here refers only to
the music performed on a computer without external
synthesizers, MIDI, etc.) became invariable attribute of games
and demonstrations. As someone said of the great "good music is
able to raise a trivial program to the level of an
extraordinary and excellent to the level of sensational. "With
the development of computers and improved techniques
sound. And here there have been two
basic method.
The first method - FM-synthesis has its
beginning of the first "spikernyh" muzychek. In
through it - the addition of several oscillations of various
forms and frequencies. Here than more folded frequencies
(elementary oscillators), the closer to the natural sound. In
professional synthesizers using a 32 or more oscillator per
voice. Naturally, such a thing is worth a lot money, and
therefore in sound cards are usually used from 1 to 4
oscillators. For example AY8910/12 uses a 3 oscillator
rectangular envelope + sawtooth or triangular shape. In
addition, in many sound cards there a set of "tools", ie,
frequency table for adding recorded in
ROM cards, which often sound
This card is limited. Such, for example, Adlib / Sound Blaster
for PC or SEGA Genesis / Megadrive. Advantages
This method of synthesis are small amounts of memory for music
and data flow, but a set of sounds is very limited. Therefore,
this method is increasingly supplanted by a different method
sampling.
The second method is based on playing
advance the digitization of sounds (sample'ov).
It requires much more memory, but
but access to any sounds. The main options here - bit digital
to analog converters (DAC), the number of channels, sampling
frequency. Standard de-facto standard for such cards is AMIGA.
It includes four eight-channel
sampling rate of 3. 54 MHz. Except
addition, the volume of each channel can
programmatically set from 0 to 64 arb.
units. SoundBlaster / PC and SEGA have an eight-bit channel
with a sampling rate to 44 kHz, and are therefore used mainly
for playing digitization effects in games. The best options is
GUS / PC. It has 2 shestnadtsatibitnyh channel with 44 kHz and
own processor and memory on the motherboard.
All of the above devices are
active, ie, does not require CPU time. In addition, there
mass of passive devices such as Covox, etc.
e. DAC on any port. Here to talk about some parameters does not
make sense, since the sound of a "map" depends heavily on CPU
performance, the type of mixing, stability, sampling,
programming environments, etc., etc. n.
And what about the ZX SPECTRUM? So far we have
witnessing sluggish process of connecting
Covox 's, which are unlikely to satisfy
computer fans sound. Truth in St. Petersburg designed sound
card General Sound. I'm not in any way want to offend
developers of this card, but option 4
eight-channel sampling rate of 37. 5 kHz hardly could plunge
amizhnikov into a trance, and pisishnikov in shock. Not
argue, the sound can be good, but
Amiga, as we see, far away. The advantages of this
card is complete independence from
Spectrum, but multiplied
requirements for embedded software, which is completely
available for either study, nor to change the programmer. Thus,
we see the typical approach to pisishny sound of "here's a"
black box ", the game under He has what you want? ". However,
yet rarely any borrowing from the PC
was a success on the Spectrum (remember the IS-DOS
or CGA-like video modes).
Therefore, one of the main objectives of this
development is the maximum approximation to the equipment
AMIGA, as a standard for digital audio. We describe in more
detail how the Amiga playing sound. Data for each channel are
transferred directly accessible from memory. Discrete sampling
is 0. 28 microseconds (which corresponds to frequency 3. 54
MHz). Array passed to data can have a length of 2 bytes to 128
kb, in addition, the transfer of an array can
to be fixated with arbitrary place. All
channels are completely independent. To play music is used to
interrupt frequency of 13 to 102 Hz, during which the selected
music, reprogrammed channels, etc.
As you can see for normal music playback requires DMA
memory access (DMA) and interrupt controller. Unfortunately,
neither one nor the other in Spectrum no. Therefore, the author
proposes another device. Its main purpose - to play a 4-channel
8-bit music. Those who are interested in
other options - see
"Perspectives."
Description.
The device consists of 3 functional blocks: the controller
of DMA, interrupt controller, the unit DAC. Device has 4
independent 8-bit sound channel direct memory access. Each
channel has a 6-bit volume control. Discreteness of the sample
on channel 0. 28 ms (3. 5 MHz). This is slightly different
by Amiga (3. 54 MHz), but on this Amiga
value is not constant, but depends on the type of
VPU (PAL or NTSC), and secondly, the difference is about 1%.
Direct access is carried out in all the memory, which is in the
Spectrum (128, 256, 512, 1024 kb), and does not depend on the
port configuration, the maximum length of the transmitted an
array of 64K. Interrupt controller handles interrupt four
types: the end of the cycle of direct access, two independent
timer interrupts and a standard HR interrupt. Each type of
interrupt is identified by a bit in the interrupt vector, each
type of interruption in the including recruiting, may be
disguised in a mask register. To reset the line access and all
interrupts, except for personnel, prohibited.
Decoder port is made on DD1,
DD2. Signals CSD, CST1, CST2, CSP and CSI
choose the controller DMA, 1st timer, 2nd
timer register banks DMA and interrupt mask register. Signals
CSV1-CSV4 selected registers the volume of channels.
Controller direct access DD6 generates the necessary
signals to request bus issuance 16ti bits addresses and sample
external device. DD3 off signals RD and WR from the DMA
controller and in association with a DD4.1 signal MREQ forms in
the cycle direct access. Permission to address the issue
direct access points to signal AEN
(Adress ENabled).
DD7 switches the address lines for
In order to move the port addresses, and DMA controller to
provide addressability through port with a fixed lower half
address.
Register banks made on DD8.1,
DD8.4 and DD9. We explain the terminology: usually the memory
bank and memory page is treated as equivalent concepts.
However, we consider these concepts a little differently. Page
includes conventional memory page ZX128, but the bank will be
called four consecutive reaching the memory page starting with
the one number is divisible by 4m. Since the 0-th bank
consists of # 10, # 11, # 12 and # 13 pages
Third of # 54, # 55, # 56 and # 57, etc. (Pages given to the
Pentagon-512, for machines with two ports of the memory
management facilities pages will be specified differently, but
the general principle remains the same). For each DMA channel
memory bank specified independently.
Programmable timers, DD10, DD11
generates, you must specify the frequency for
request channel DMA (Channels 1 and 2) and interrupt (channel
3). All channels operate in 2-m mode (frequency divider).
DD12 generates recording signals bytes
Data in the DAC register in a cycle of direct access. Software
DAC register is not available.
Buffer register remains DD13
upper half DMA address at the beginning of the cycle and then
issue it to the address bus. Note that the signals A14 ', A15
'is not in a Z80, and the multiplexers RAM.
DD14 generates DMA request signal
necessary duration. Because a signal
DRQ is necessary to maintain active until
confirm the occurrence of a signal DACK, and
DD10, DD11 form the pulse 0. 28 microseconds.
Due to the fact that K1810VT37 autoload (unlike AMIGA)
possible only the base address, ie, it is impossible to loop a
sample of arbitrary addresses, so the sample is used for
looping the end of the vector interrupt transmission of DMA.
Interrupt controller is assembled on DD5.
6, DD8.2-3, DD4.1-3, DD15-DD19. DD18
is interrupt mask register. It allows software to allow or
prohibit certain types of interruptions. DD16 - Register
interrupt vector. Interrupting device resets the corresponding
bits later in the cycle interrupt confirmation
DD17 issues on the data bus interrupt vector, the four most
significant bits which are set or reset depending on what
devices are put in a request interrupts. Such a decision would
do without hardware control priorities. All interrupts have
equal priority, and while the parish and two more interruptions
changing the interrupt vector (see Programming). After
confirmation of the vector interrupt register is cleared (set
to 1).
The trigger is used to query DD15.2
storage interrupt request. If at the time of arrival interrupt
any source of interrupt processing in the processor is
prohibited (using DI), the trigger request is reset to 0 and
is, so long as the processor is not allowed to interrupt
processing (using EI), and only in the loop interrupt
confirmation again set to 1. This is necessary in order to
avoid skip interrupts that come in
when their treatment is prohibited
(DI). Moreover, if during the period of prohibition
it's two different interrupts (both optional), then the program
is will look like two types of interruption came at the same
time immediately after the EI. All this does not apply to
personnel (standard) termination, which has the same duration,
phase, etc. before. If any type of interrupt is masked in the
mask register, then He completely ignored.
Programming.
All ports of the device are younger
byte of address # 77. High bytes of address are:
Controller DMA - # 0C, # 1C, # 2C, # 3C,
# 4C, # 5C, # 6C, # 7C,
# 8C, # 9C, # AC, # BC,
# CC, # DC, # EC, # FC
First timer - # 3D, # 7D, # BD, # FD
Second timer - # 3E, # 7E, # BE, # FE
Banks Channel - # 07, # 17, # 27, # 37
Volume channel # 3F, # 7F, # BF, # FF
Mask interrupt - # F7
To work with sound controller must be programmed in a
single mode of transmission, the priority of channels can be
both simple and cyclical.
Timers set the sampling rate of the DMA channels and
interrupts. Channels 1 and 2 timers clocked at 3. 5 MHz, and
channel 3 at 1. 75MGts. Channels 1 and 2 of the first timer,
set the frequency at 1 and 2 channel DMA, channels 1 and 2
second timer determine the frequency at 3 and 4 channel DMA. All
Channels timers must work in the second
mode.
Registers banks establish bank
memory, which will be shared. Registers banks contains
significant bits page number, the younger two bits are direct
access URLs. For example, need to pass an array, which is # 16
page address # d8e7. The younger two bits of a page number% 10,
for DMA address it will be two high-order bits.
Thus, we obtain bank DMA # 01 address
# 98e7. Fig. 1 illustrates the transformation
page number in the address and phone number of the bank for
Pentagon-512 and Profit 1024:
Pentagon-512
# 7ffd Address
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 f e d c b a 9 August .... 0
3 2 1 0 f e d c b a 9 August .... 0
Bank Address
Profi-1024
# Dffd # 7ffd Address
2 1 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 f e d c b a. 0
.
.
.
.
.
3 2 1 0 f e d c b a. 0
Bank Address
Fig. Converting a paging
address in the address of DMA
The array can not cross the border
4 pages, ie, it can be in
# 10, # 11, # 12, # 13 pages, but can not
located at # 13 and # 14 page, such
arrays must be passed over twice, using an interrupt end
transmission or align along the boundary of 4 pages.
Registers the volume of channels set the volume in the
range from 0 (complete no sound) to 63 (maximum
volume). Registers have the volume capacity of 6 bits, so the
value 64 is equal to 0 in contrast to the Amiga, where 64 - the
maximum volume.
Interrupt controller in the loop verification issues the
interrupt vector which indicates which device sent interrupt
request. Interrupt vector has the following structure:
Bit 7 - set to 1 if
it is recruiting an interrupt, otherwise
If cleared;
Bit 6 - reset to 0 if it is interrupted by a 2-second
timer, otherwise it is set;
bit 5 - set to 0 if it is interrupted by a second timer,
otherwise it is set;
Bit 4 - resets to 0 if it is interrupted the transfer is
to kakomlibo channel DMA, otherwise installed. In order to
determine which channel has completed the transfer, you must
read the status register controller DMA;
Bits 3 - 0 is always set to 1.
If you arrive at the same time several
interrupt, then a few bits are set properly, regardless. For
example:
# FF - HR interruption;
# 3F - interrupt 2-second timer;
# 5F - interrupt 1 timer;
# 6F - interrupt the end of the transfer;
# BF - HR interrupt and 2-nd
timer;
# EF - HR interrupt and interrupts the transmission end,
etc. A vector # 7F does not correspond to any device, but
experience has shown that the average time in
Five minutes is a vector "slips" and
it is also necessary to handle it. It corresponds to the
termination of personnel, which comes at a command EI.
Mask register can mask
certain types of interrupts. The layout of bits is as follows:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
x x x x 0 1 1 1
enables interrupt
end of transmission;
enables interrupt
1-second timer;
enables interrupt
2-second timer;
authorizes personnel
break;
Unlike the other interrupts
personnel are allowed not to 1, and 0.
Problems.
1) Main problem - K580VI53 who consistently do not want to
work in turbo mode with a short IORQom and have a maximum
frequency of 2MHz CLK. The best solution is the application of
import 8253 but this is a terrible deficit. As for VI53,
then, as practice shows, they are from
scratch, but kept the clock 3. 5MHz.
But do not make short IORQ on turbo -
Pentagon.
2) In some computers, you ensure that blocking port # 77
(in Scorpio responds to this address port
attributes that best cut
at all).
3) It is theoretically possible the card with a 128-m
Spectrum, but practically, for full disclosure of all
possibilities, you need a car with a storage capacity not less
than 512K. First, the average amount of musical modules 120 -
250 kb, and only unit volume is more than 400K, ie,
You can listen to, and use 99%
ready-made modules, and secondly, if the embed music in any
ready-made programs, the entire 128-I memory cue rammed these
same programs, but few use the memory above 128K (and RAMdisks
Other resident nonsense does not count), and
Third, if we assume that the Spectrum - the platform will
evolve, moving to a model with memory> 128K inevitable, and if
we assume that ZX128 + BETA DISC + AY limit, then what we are
here with you talking about?
4) To mix of channels used by a simple resistive mixer, but
perhaps any active or correcting the mixer would be better.
5) must be voltage-12V (you can use the converter such as
in ATM).
Prospects.
The author understands that the manufacturer and
connection of this card is associated with a rather more
difficult, but it consequence of the problems that can not be
solved the past decade. Despite the "freaks" in the latest
models (the Scorpion, Pro atm), these questions still remained
unanswered. Therefore, this development not only gives great
sound, but also points to ways of solving problems that
previously were solved by the "eh, Z80, uhnem! Or not resolved.
1) You can connect up to four
I / O devices. It can be
ADC digitizers, multicards, video processors and much more. The
main advantage - the CPU is completely unloaded and from the I
/ O operations, and the expectation result. So the
"Winchester", connected through pisishnuyu multicards will send
data direct access and can programmed for its own termination.
2) may be cascaded
another controller DMA (+3 chips)
3) Ability to forward memory-memory.
With regards to board ... This is the most sensitive
issue. There is no subscription ... I'm currently doing on
"Fish" (Spalax, "" airplane, "and so on) and This is
understandable. If you have any suggestions on this topic, they
will gladly heard. Maybe there is someone who can dissolve a
fee of 40 housing for all spektrumistov, and the magazine will
publish its Adventurer.
I repeat, card is fully
REGARDLESS OF THE PORT OF EXPANDED MEMORY.
That is, at least you have the Scorpion, although the Pentagon,
anything else - all is one, since card has its memory banks by
64K and their registers to access them. But!
Before something to play, it is necessary that something
load. And there is already a concern for the program, as
rastasovat on the pages sample data. Naturally, the program
must switch these very pages for loading data, and, naturally,
on each machine to do it differently. After load port
configuration becomes theoretically, unnecessary, and the player
can only use 48-in memory (and
that should be around 6K for the player (so far) and kilobytes
on each pattern).
Now for millitsionerov, customs and tax police ... This is
an active SOUND CARD! This is not COVOX, not
SOUNDRIVE and not something else in the same spirit.
Music played an interrupt!
The player takes an average of 1000
tacts for INT and at the peak until 9000. Any
sound fx are played all over the background and
Up to four pieces at once.
As for software ...
There is a complete player
Amiga MOD 's (chetyhkanalnyh). It supports all functions and
commands, MS-DOS wheels 720 and 800 KB, Kempston mouse, plus
another 460 KB of free memory (512-x machines). There are a
couple of toys. Adapted Editor DIGITAL STUDIO v1. 12, but it
clearly not, although it is best that as long as there is.
Written full-length editor. The interface is going to be like
Digital Studio, and in concept to ProTracker
(ZX-SPECTRUM). Can yield some
utilities, which then enter the editor.
The quality of sound you can not worry about the sound
level, and at very high. When compared to pisishnymi cards I
can confidently say - just AWE 32 approximately below the level
of my card. Everything Else - Sound Blaster,
Sound Blaster Pro, Vibra 16 (not to mention
Chinese Ski Rocket, Miss Melody, etc.)
Sounds very much worse.
Assembly, connection and debug
sound card.
Unfortunately, no computer
has the possibility to connect any device with access to more
than 64K of memory, any device, intercepting INT. Therefore,
without soldering, alas, can not do ... In computer must be
possible to transfer to a third state high address lines A14 ',
A15', A16 ', A17', A18 '. This table shows no address lines
CPU does not output configuration registers, and address lines
that go directly to the multiplexers RAM.
By the Pentagon card is connected as follows: Signals D0
.. D7, A0 .. A15,-MREQ,-IORQ,-RD,-WR,-BUSRQ,
-BUSAC,-INT ',-M1,-RES is taken directly from the
Z80.
Signal INT is broken:
1916-INT
.. X..
Z80
-INT-INT '
At the Pentagon, 25 foot Z80 (-BUSRQ)
connected to +5 V through a 10K resistor.
Resistor can be left, and if 25/Z80
goes directly to +5 V, then it should pull out.
CLK1 (. 3 5 MHz) is taken from 8 feet
D1;
CLK2 (1. 75 MHz) - with 11D2;
AEN signal instead of the land served by
15D61, from the same place (D61) signals are taken
A14 ', A15', A16 '(4, 7 and 9 feet resp.)
The board should be upgradeable to 512K
make the following changes: to connect 7
and 9, 6 and 10, 5 and 11, 4 and 12, 3 and 13 feet
KP12, 15 cut from the land and apply for
She AEN, 1 must submit-AEN, a cut from LE1 5D18 and apply for
A17i, to 5D18 submit A17 '. INT must be cut off from the 16Z80
and INT file for the device file 16Z80
INT 'from the device.
For clarity, bring the scheme
changes in the Plateau Upgrade to 512K.
Changes painted double lines,
wires marked "x", should be
break, the signals are in parentheses filed with the
sound card, and the rest - with the board the Pentagon. On the
motherboard the computer no changes are made, except by giving
to the AEN (direct) on 15DD61 instead of land and cutting INT'a.
2
6DD63 o 1 January
3 O x to 5D18
/ 1K to (A17 ')
/ O> +5 B to LE1 (A17'i)
KD522o TM2
___ January 13
RES <o OR TT OR TT 9
2 Q 12 Q
D6 D D7 D
March 1911
13DD64 o C - 6 C -
4 Q 10 Q
OS OS
> +5 B> +5 B
KP12
10
B0 MS
LE1 September 11
5 B14 B1 YB
1 April 1912
6 O B2
13
38DD13 B3
(AEN) 15
x OSB
14
C14 0
2
C23 1
6
A0
May 7
B14 A1 YA
4
(A18 ') A2
3
38DD13 A3
___ 1
(AEN) OSA
AT 1-E RU7 <
As for the other models
ZX-SPECTRUM, then I can not afford
give a recipe, for lack of basic circuits. But the principle
remains that the same - to provide an opportunity to transfer
to a third state of the VJ address bus (not just the processor
A0-A15, but also addresses EXPANDED OVER 64K
memory that are used for MULTIPLEXERS
RAM). Unfortunately, it faces various
circuit design perversion. Since the scheme
Scorpio (?), Which I caught a glimpse of
one of the ZX-REVIEW 'nis, the controller
extended memory was KP16 .. Who
It occurred to her to put? It will
vykusit, throw it away and put on her
KP11 place. And only after that will
the ability to translate address lines
A14 ', A15', A16 'and A17' in a third state.
More changes on the expansion card up to 512 Kbytes. They
are for the option which is called the "Scheme of the VM, the
output of 2. expandable memory up to 512 KB in computers with a
total field of memory. "Unfortunately, the only advantage of
this options - Easy. This scheme (512 kb)
generates two addresses A17 '(comes with 12 feet
LE1 and denoted as A9 ') and A18' (is
with 4 feet LE1 and no labeling is
a 12 foot KP12).
Currently there are no DMA, everything is going well, but
as soon as the DMA, appear
problems.
In a series of direct access to sound
map exhibits the lines A0 ... A13,
A14 '... A18 'own 19-bit address (that
allows her to address 512 KB), at
This line AEN level appears
log. 1 (in log-AEN respectively. 0). In
this time the processor takes the address bus
in a third state, and the line A14 '... A18 '
be translated into that with. "Manually".
For A14 '... A16 'do this just
DD61 at the Pentagon (KP11) has tons of. And
Here on the expansion card memory are LE1
not so with., here and have subverted.
A17'prosto "broken" on LP8 a sound card, and to switch the A18
'used by the second section KP12 expansion cards. She repeats
the first, except that the A18 'comes from the map.
AEN (direct) is served by 15 KP12 and-AEN
(Inverted) at 1 KP12.
In total, the map is 44 Governors
+ 4 signal wires to the power wires + 2 (sound AY), and goes 3
signals (AidioL, AudioR, GND). On SC is desirable
supply connector SNP-64, and all signals are fed through it.
How to tune your sound card.
First, connect only
DD21-DD28, DA1-DA12. Instead of / CSC1-/CSC4,
/ CSV1-/CSV4 the signals to add. Products 555ID7, which
connects the following way:
A4 1 A0 Q0 15 / CSC1
A5 2 A1 Q1 1914 / CSC2
A6 3 A2 Q2 1913 / CSV1
Q3 1912 / CSV2
/ IORQ 4 V1 Q4 1911 / CSC3
/ WR 5 V2 Q5 10 / CSC4
A7 or GND 6 V3 Q6 9 / CSV3
Q7 7 / CSV4
After that, you will have "Super
Sound Drive ", ie" Sound Drive "+ volume registers (RG) on each
channel.
Ports are as follows:
Channels - # 0F, # 1F, # 4F, # 5F
WP - # 2F, # 3F, # 6F, # 7F
This is the first debugging scheme (if not
Like that it will squeak in
TR-DOS 'e, then 4 feet instead of ID7 / IORQ
submit / OIORQ (with on-board 6DD85 Pentagon).
After assembly, you can test
channels such program in BASIC 'e:
10 LET C = 15: LET V = 47: REM 1st Channel
20 FOR I = 0 TO 6: READ A
30 FOR J = 0 TO 7: LET B = 2 ^ J: PRINT A,
B: OUT V, A
40 IF INKEY $ = "" THEN OUT C, B: OUT
C, 0: GO TO 40
50 NEXT J: NEXT I
1960 DATA 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
Recruit, run and listen. Sound
must be, if both numbers
different from 0. If one of the numbers on the screen is 0,
then necessarily be silence.
For Channel 2, we substitute C = 31,
V = 63, etc. Here, I hope, nothing complicated.
Further, the interim otpaivaem ID7,
solder in DD1 (except the pin. 12, 15), DD4.1,
DD4.2, DD10 (except the pin. 10, 13, 17)
DD11 (except the pin. 10, 13, 17).
We collect debugging program
BASIC 'e:
10 LET C = 64887: LET W = 52: LET
P = 15735: LET F = 100
20 OUT C, W: OUT P, F-256 * INT (F/256
): OUT P, INT (F/256)
30 PRINT AT 0, 0; IN (P) +256 * IN (P):
IF INKEY $ = "" THEN GO TO 30
After starting the program on a monitor
should zamelkat numbers from 0 to 100, and
if you have an oscilloscope, then 10DD10 should be observed
pulses with a frequency of 35 kHz.
Then checked the other five generators. To this end, a
10-line contains the following parameters:
C = 64,887, W = 116, P = 32119; pulses 13DD10
C = 64,887, W = 180, P = 48503; ---"--- 17DD10
C = 65,143, W = 52, P = 15991; ---"--- 10DD11
C = 65,143, W = 116, P = 32375; ---"--- 13DD11
C = 65,143, W = 180, P = 48759; ---"--- 17DD11
The parameter F determines the frequency of the output
pulses, it is 3. 5MHz / F (for 17x pin. it is equal to 1. 75 /
F).
Serve different values of F (1 to
65535) and make sure that the frequency varies
sootvstvenno. Yes, if you K580VI53, then
All this must be done if you disable Turbo mode. There's
nothing you can do, not wants to work in a 580 series turbo and
all ... The only solution - is to find imports
8253 (with any numeric and alphabetic indices), or in extreme
cases 1810VI54.
Next payayutsya DD2, DD3, DD4.4, 15 and
12 feet DD1, DD5.1-DD5.5, DD6, DD7,
DD8.1, DD8.4, DD9, DD12, DD13, DD14, 10
and 13 feet DD10 and DD11. They'll change in the computer
(except for / INT).
After that, turn the computer and
Look, whether he has earned. If not, then
Consider the signals AEN and / AEN. At AEN should
be stable log. 0 on / AEN - log. 1.
If all is true, then that got it wrong
on-board expandable to 512 Kbytes.
On / BUSRQ must log. 1
A17 'must be such as
A17'i.
Other signals that come in
computer, should not change.
Well, usually all at once begins
work with a probability of 99%.
Further examples will be used in assembly
it's easier.
Check if the controller DMA:
LD BC, # 8C77
XOR A
OUT (C), A
LD B, # 0C
LD DE, 11111
OUT (C), E
OUT (C), D
IN A, (C)
CP E
JR NZ, ERR
IN A, (C)
CP D
JR NZ, ERR
JP OK; okay
ERR .... ; Error, we must look DD1,
; DD3, DD4, DD6
The next stage - a test cycle. In
this program, I'll immediately suspended 4 values for some
EQU-operators, they resp. 4 channels. First substitute
The first value, then the second, etc.
LD BC, TCR
LD A, TCW
OUT (C), A
LD BC, TDR
LD HL, 10
OUT (C), L
OUT (C), H
LD BC, # 8C77
XOR A
OUT (C), A
LD BC, # BC77
LD A, DCW
OUT (C), A
LD BC, ADR
LD HL, # 8000
OUT (C), L
OUT (C), H
LD BC, LNR
LD HL, # 100
OUT (C), L
OUT (C), H
LD BC, # FC77
LD A, MSK
OUT (C), A
RET
TCR EQU # FD77; # FD77; # FE77; # FE77
TCW EQU # 34, # 74, # 34, # 74
TDR EQU # 3D77; # 7D77; # 3E77; # 7E77
DCW EQU # 50, # 51, # 52, # 53
ADR EQU # 0C77; # 2C77; # 4C77; # 6C77
LNR EQU # 1C77; # 3C77; # 5C77; # 7C77
MSK EQU # 0E; # 0D; # 0B; # 07
1 channel
2 channel
3 y Cajal
Channel 4
Run a program, your computer should work steadily, but it
must be some fairly noticeable decline speed (more than a
quarter).
At 7 and 10 feet VT37 should be pulses with a frequency of
350 kHz.
If the delay is, then they are there
there really is. If not, then we should look.
If you start the computer resets or hangs, or memory is
filled with nonsense, then we must look to the board expansion
of 512 KB.
All this should be tested 4 times
for each channel separately. If all
OK, you can try to extract
sound:
LD HL, # 8000
M1 LD (HL), L
INC L
JR NZ, M1
LD BC, TCR
LD A, TCW
OUT (C), A
LD BC, TDR
LD HL, 120
OUT (C), L
OUT (C), H
LD BC, # 8C77
XOR A
OUT (C), A
LD BC, # CC77
OUT (C), A
LD BC, # BC77
LD A, DMW
OUT (C), A
LD BC, PGR
LD A, 0
OUT (C), A
LD BC, ADR
LD HL, # 8000
OUT (C), L
OUT (C), H
LD BC, LNR
LD HL, # FF
OUT (C), L
OUT (C), H
LD BC, VLR
LD A, # 3F
OUT (C), A
LD BC, # FC77
LD A, MSK
OUT (C), A
RET
DMW EQU # 58; # 59; # 5A; # 5B
PGR EQU # 0777, # 1777, # 2777, # 3777
VLR EQU # 3F77; # 7F77; # BF77; # FF77
TCR EQU # FD77; # FD77; # FE77; # FE77
TCW EQU # 34, # 74, # 34, # 74
TDR EQU # 3D77; # 7D77; # 3E77; # 7E77
ADR EQU # 0C77; # 2C77; # 4C77; # 6C77
LNR EQU # 1C77; # 3C77; # 5C77; # 7C77
MSK EQU # 0E; # 0D; # 0B; # 07
1 channel
2 channel
3 y Cajal
Channel 4
Once launched, must resound the sound
with a frequency of 114 Hz, resembling an envelope
C for AY, but on 12DA5 signal must be
Behold this form:
/ | / | / | / | / | | \ | \ | \ | \ | \
/ | / | / | / | / | Or | \ | \ | \ | \ | \
Sound must be absolutely clean and
does not change depending on what
makes the processor.
If the sound is distorted, it may not
soldered R1 and R2.
If the sound is reminiscent of a disorderly
pischanie, then we must look DD7, DD9,
DD13.
If there is no sound at all, and 12DA5
also there is no signal, then we must look DD3,
DD4, DD12.
If the 12DA5 is a normal signal, then we must look DD2.
Once all 4 will be tweaked
channel will work adapted Editor Digital Studio.
Now you can collect the rest.
On testing the interrupt controller to tell the next time.
The author of this sound card and software for
She, as well as descriptions - Inozemtsev A.
aka Stranger.
Prepared this article from disparate sources specifically
for the magazine Adventurer - Chupak RV aka David
Willis.
P. S. If anyone will achieve any success in the production
of maps - share with the people, with some glitches you
encountered in the process of connecting. Because myself I have
collected on the cardboard. Card playing, but buggy - samples
not played to the end and break off, whenever they want.
Hopefully, together we can overcome Zapara. Write to me about
everything or Adventurer. My address is:
320130
Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
Donetsk shosse, 97a, kv. 25.
Chupak Roman
tel. (0562) 725-83-69
*** SPECCY RULEZ FOREVER AND EVER! ***
