Amiga mouse for ZX Spectrum
Myshkrysizatsii all Russian fields ...
ART! Dedicated.
This article was written at the request of AlCo.
However, once upon a time I wished to do
this problem seriously. As a result, business
congestion, the problem lasted for
years frivolous trial, error, successes and failures.
Speccy - not a toy.
Even in the 90 years I have wanted to do the documentation
of their securities on the Speccy. Since considered (as always)
it not only as a toy, but as a business system that features
which I usually like. In addition to any fine records and
tables, which I did not learn normally releases on the Speccy
(should not just storage, search and calculator, but also
access from other program - a program, a third-party request
information from the database, such as the library, or
overlay), we must draw graphics - Schemes, plans and views. Of
course, it does not deal with 6912-byte screen, but short - the
sister of talent (not like my articles), and You can learn a
lot from Speccy, including including effective VRISOVYVAT that
no boars will not fit in his ТРИПОЛЕЧЕРЕЗВОСЬМИСТРОЧНОБУТНУТЫЙ
screen. Now for I have a sporting interest, only time, as
always, is not enough.
Then, in the 90's, I studied drawing
because of the time, completely absent, and
psychological barrier to learning-
assembler Z80.
Problems drawing.
Fantasy enough, and it all depends on my mood, sometimes
very hunting for something portray. But I could not imagine
how to draw a sector-bounded colors
with push-button control or the joystick.
That is why my first official picture was painted in the
X-colore, fortunately assembly coder. Another would be: point
mode - color, 8-color palette, Speccy, NO
attributes, as I did this, he is not the
understand, recalling how he sat with a ruler and
calculator and took it for - cost encoder and its
detali.Vot since I officially shemy.Fakticheski technical
drawing black and white pictures, so the attributes do not
bother me, and actually kind of control, too - the scheme are
drawn more or less standard way - straight lines.
Actually, I liked to climb in the ART
STUDIO, drawing primitives, drag windows,
pour ... But it was a game, and I seriously
nothing painted. At that time I had
black and white, although it was stained and SECAM, while in an
attempt to improve the quality of this I SECAM is not a
reversal. But then presence / absence of color I did not
strongly confused, otherwise I would have fallen down from the
Speccy. Draw artistic images hindered mainly attributes. But
sometimes, just like something to represent and, of course, on
the way this was an interface # FE. Instead of
to the usual movement of the hand to hold
curve on the screen, much time is spent on
interpolation - perekoordinatsiyu.
Problems of choice.
Often, visiting from Dave, I watched with envy how easily he
spends a line or stroke a path myshoy on Amiga. I heard about
different mouse scheme Speccy, but I stopped the principle
nadezhnosti.Mne need above all a reliable PC that is always
ready and you can not turn off several consecutive dney.Imenno
therefore, having received from Steve inherited by his
Pentagon, I obkonderil and propayal it concretely, and ensured
its PC-shnym power supply, network filter and bespereboynikom.
I hate these thin tracks, and do not want your welling
Speccy to buggy state but to sustain progress, see for yourself
one way: independent design and carving Motherboard universal,
modular Speccy. Of course, it is very difficult, but reliable.
I know about AY-mouse, it certainly is not eating
data bus, but I pay AY (a Kempston joystick) is in socket Z80,
and access to it is complicated by the drive, and hang
Mouse over a scheme would be too inconvenient and unreliable.
Compromise.
The desire to somehow humanize drawing led to what I was
trying to realize the light is really pero.Voobsche 2
transistors (of items 10 somewhere), with adjustable
sensitivity. Signal - 2 bits - filed a Kempston Joystick
(1 bit of a button located at the intersection).
Of course, a program he wrote himself, in assembler.
This is a very interesting problem, we recommend
nastroeniyu.Priemlemuyu program I wrote, but it's real. Perot
does not tolerate dynamics, we must carefully, gently draw.
It's funny and somehow unusual, and although the pen - a very
natural method - by hand - uncomfortable to stand in front of
the screen, and from afar almost impossible to paint: too
difficult. For some it's a compromise, but I think that
Pen is well suited for light gaming, although
I have them on the Speccy had not seen. Who came
interest in this subject - would recommend trying to do, maybe,
that good will, but do universally by port and bits.
Amiga.
When (when it was ...) I have visited the AMIGA 600, I could
not fully appreciate the murine rulez because mouse as such
simply did not exist. To use the joystick to Consoles SEGA. But
even then I said to itself an interesting feature: a high-tech
complex uses the simplest method management - all 4 bits are
transmitted with optics in the game port, instead of bits of
the cross. Simple, cheap and reliable (good wires
are very long).
This principle is explained, and he initially
followed by the creators of the Amiga. Even then I was thinking
over the same exact release the mouse on the Speccy, through
its standard game Port # 1F, t.e.kempston-dzhoystik.Plyusy were
clear: a single standard Amiga mouse, port
Speccy and a bit of control, any excess
schematic gorodby not necessary, unless
that bring the technological power (it is a
I already had - 5V through a resistor 2 ohms at
a simple cog in a plastic housing company: you food - pulled
the wire nut, and all). Reliability companies will remain the
same level, in fact, need only the mouse. Of course, the
obvious drawbacks - no software support was not all the time
the processor will go to poll the port. But in the particular
case - normalno.Ved quite aware that most non-art images drawn
by hand - most of the time literally on the points.
Passion for logic levels.
Since my Speccy was Kempston
Joystick, with full and with inversion (buffer K555AP3), this
gave the overall lead - minus t.e.aktivnomu bits of port
# 1F (units), are consistent with the logical
0 on the inputs - the closure of the entrances to minus.
Once upon a time I thought was a logical unit
active state of any signal, psychologically, this is true (type
0 - nothing, but unit - something already). Even at 48 Speccy
confuses me, plus the total on the Kempston joystick: the
remaining nests companies had a common drawback. Was the risk
of closure, I soldered 100 ohm for protection and not thought
of this uncomfortable incident, and now I would put the
inverter. (K561LN2 - more profitable than the transistors.)
One should not confuse logic with physics. All 5voltovaya
logic is built on an active origin. The initial state of the
free entry - 1, t.k.tok through him absent, and at 0
(Closure of the entrance to the minus sign) significant
input current is actively involved in the switching logic.
Thus, output 0 is much stronger than the 1. (For the K555
series of "0" normalized to 8 mA, and "1" - only to 0.4 mA
load). Ideally, all input signals must be
active at 0, t.e.v initial state suspended to positive
resistors (optimally 5 - 10 k), and active - close to minus.
Then the minus is a common wire company
for all its signals. Less used
for shielding from interference and is ideal
common. Unfortunately, the logical switch with inversion is
very small, and you can not always get K555AP3 - full analogue
AP5, but reversed outputs. If you're going to put myself
Kempston Joystick, better K555AP3 order. Who AP5, the best
substitute for AP3. However, if we use Port # 1F for the mouse,
it is enough to provide Playing XOR mask entered, t.k.mysh
a signal, but does not close on a common wire port.
The overall minus adopted in almost all digital systems,
consoles, companies, and in most analog devices, although those
where the bipolar power supply, common wire net will not name.
Serial krysopark.
As a result, given a single standard logic levels Gameport
from his company and the Amiga, I decided to find yourself a
mouse Amiga standard and write simple
editor, which would draw from
hand, in the modes of OR, XOR, AND.
Amiga Mouse on sale and was not to be
could not, because AMIGA even for most
Sellers was the only foreign word
language. Dave said it was for sale type mice parallel some
firms, but I they never found. The rest is a variety of
rodents were serial - that is, sequential type. Well, no, there
should be such creatures naplodit! There just can not see the
mutants. And (probably) with four wires (2 for
power and 2 signal). There does tailless monster, even their
prices - to bite. The mouse I have not bought - I do not like
to break good. Later, Dave was an unnecessary
Krysko, without a single LED, without a tail
that is what, poludohluyu, I'm sheltered.
Later in the article describes the simplest and cheapest of
PCs, shnaya Krys - 3-button (With two, probably no longer
available).
Krysburger.
Since the official data from rat
I do not have all further information is based only on personal
experience, very few.
In the rat there are 3 buttons, optical (sphere and
optical engine, light and photodiodes),
mikruha that receives signals from the optics and the buttons,
quartz, frequency setting mikruhi, a few resistors (current
limitation LEDs, the binding logic levels)
Conder from interference, a pair of diodes (restriction, or
stabilization, power supply and limit the logic level).
Usually 4 wires: two for power and two
informatsionnyh.Mikruha sequentially transmits all signals in
the rat komp.Vozmozhno, one signal wire bidirectional, may
mikruha passes ready coordinates rats.
Later in my possession came
other rats, almost the same. She was almost well, all the
details in place, I was a little corrected its mechanism, and
while it is an entire PC-shnaya lies idle. I do not want to
break it.
Until then saw the other rats, too simple, and can draw the
following conclusion (for Simple rats): rats are different ...
black, white, red ... but everyone wants the same ... Oops! ...
What was I ...?
Usually within a rat total - plus it
goes to the cathodes of photodiodes and buttons
(A variant not seen). Optics is of two
species: the large and small step. Accordingly, the light, the
photodiodes of the two species under different step size.
However, various LEDs, photodiodes, and various similar. They
are very low-soldered, sometimes slightly tilted.
LEDs - rectangles with a small
sferoy.Byvayut pink (seen in rats with small increments) and
white (seen in the rat with a big step). Photodiodes - black
rectangles (a rat with a big step a little larger) with three
nozhkami.Fakticheski - a pair. Inside the two photodiodes
connected in katodami.Sredny conclusion - the common cathode
(cathode) and two extreme output - two of the anode.
In rats with a major step drives look
as the gears - a circle cloves. Y
rats with fine pitch wheels without teeth in
them are small slits along the circumference.
In rats melkoshagovyh turnover disc is the 12-odd mm path,
and the disc 44 prorezi.U krupnoshagovyh turnover disc for 10
mm path, and 36 teeth on the drive. Consequently, the rate of
both types of rats, standard, approximately 36 pulses 1
photodiode 1 cm puti.Poetomu recommend a mouse with a big step.
It is more stable t.k.razmer backlash and inaccuracies in the
assembly is less than commensurate with step, and it is easier
to build. But to assert it can not, t.k.sebe remade
melkoshagovuyu mouse.
Few of the mouse device. Classics.
BALL - has the property to roll in any direction and respect
the minimum its surface area of two perpendicular axes.
Spring-loaded ball and pressed to AXIS special emphasis,
located in opposite side of the axes. Little
contact area allows you move the mouse in any direction with
minimal friction on the ball axle, transfer BID rotation is
proportional to the speed of rotation of the ball. Thus, one
axis is rotated with the horizontal velocity, the other with
vertical vertical.
Axis - is enshrined in the special uporah.Na one end
attached BID DRIVE. AXLE passes rotation of the disk.
CD - rotates on an axis. On the circle
DISC evenly spaced slots or
cloves. When moving the mouse of
voids, and scrolling in front of any
edge of the disc is proportional to the rate transitions
displaced. Two axes - two discs.
OPTICS - scans slotted disk. Sos toit of two pairs - a pair
of the disk.
PARA - consists of a simple infrared LED, which illuminates
the edge of the disk with one hand, and FOTOPARY taking the
signal from the the other side of the disc.
FOTOPARA - are two of the photodiode in a single
korpuse.Oni located a short distance from each other, so that
when one lit through the open slot, the other somewhere
half-closed. When turning the two photosensor signal are offset
in time, and it is not possible to analyze
only the speed but also direction of movement, depending on
whether someone is ahead.
But for this signal is shifted and
overlap, not simply an inversion commute.
IR - infrared radiation used in remote controls, sensors in
mice, VCRs, consoles, center, cassette player (for high-quality
transmission sound from the head, in a very expensive models)
optic communication lines. See the impossible, and do not try,
ID.
ID - IDIOT, said the same: do not try, well
as he saw?
IDIOT - The ideal friend and an excellent Tova risch.
DM - I do not remember and do not know is some
garbage, with pimpochkami, four-and there it says, and when you
press that something somewhere is going on.
Limitation of voltage - diode on
5.6 V.
LED current limited resistor 3 ohms, and voltage 5 V and 1.1
fall In each LED was about 1
mA, which is almost twice smaller than my mouse.
Reinvent the rat.
Available to you a simple way to remove the serial rat. Must
(Naturally) with a working optics and mehanikoy.Poprostu check
with friends on a PC. Just a porous, in the simple mode of any
graphics editor. If you are satisfied with the dynamics of
rodent behavior - can embarking on its transformation scheme.
Open rats (one screw, probably). Inspect scheme. Make sure that
the photosensors to the general cathode - the average output is
suitable to positive pitaniya.Esli can not find a plus - check
testerom.Tok on a positive dipstick - extreme (any) feet
photosensor, a negative schupu - in the middle legs of the
photocell - should greatly exceed reverse inclusion. If not -
look for another rat. All coincided - proceed.
1. Vypayayte - gnaw (as convenient)
mikruhu, quartz, and zener rezyuki if
do not understand if there is stabilization.
Keep only one resistor - successively included with LEDs.
2. Solder mikruhu K561TL1. Placing
its a convenient way (plus or aligning
minus the food, because the old mikruhi feet
more than this).
3. Cut off the track, going from buttons to
mikruhe, and going to the outputs of photodetectors
new mikruhi. According to "The scheme, using
wire dosoedinite photodiodes to the inputs
(Number of inputs do not matter: it is important
to each gate signal coming from one photodiode). The result
should be 4 pairs: photodiode - gate. 4 free entrance (one from
each element) is connected to a plus - 14 foot.
4. If the buttons with a common advantage - Cut off from
their common path, and connect with net.
5. If not broke, collect power scheme,
instructions on the scheme, if broke and razberaetes
in stabilizing the - put at least a diode, if ever broke, put
Conder 10 uF in parallel feeding.
6. Take the insulating tube diameter of 4-6 mm and 9 wires to
the desired length. Thin wire, stranded, isolated,
Of course, with a diameter smaller than 1 mm. Length to 3
meters (personally, I'll put these in order of
telly with computers and the sofa ...). Take
more thick and hard wire, for example,
Solid in the varnish insulation from transformatora.Prodente
this wire in the insulating tube, clear and obludite its end.
Strip 5-10 mm obludite ends the remaining 9 wires, assemble
them into one beam and soldered together - gently and firmly.
Solder this beam to the rigid wire. Now gently pull the free
the end of a hard wire, it will pass through insulating tube
and drag for a the remaining 9 wires. You will get burned
- Tail of the mouse. If you used a wire mark MGTF (thin, white,
like pink (copper-rayed) and 4-mm translucent (slightly
yellowish) insulation tubule, the reliability and flexibility
can be no doubt (I have over the years klava work with the
wiring had not stopped that only a cat nibbling once).
You can use the cord from the joystick to
Consoles SEGA - just 9 wires, but he
unreliable, can be stopped, and the harsh
not long.
Of course, the manufacturer of tow - this class cunt, but
suddenly you are doing it for the first time? ..
7. If there is an opportunity - take out the knockdown 9-pin
connector for a mouse, because in the old tail connector - pass
only 4 wires, and there are only 4 kontakta.Inache use any
suitable soedinitelshteker. Solder the connector to the tail
and the tail the mouse, observing the signals and power.
8. Connect the mouse to the Speccy - kempstondzhoystiku, but
regardless of the implementation Kempston Port Power the mouse:
output to negative G - GND Speccy,
and the output "+", respectively, to +5 V. (By the
technological +5 V, through the 2 ohm resistor from this +5 V
supply).
Write a program - actually a cycle,
which takes on the mask bits from Kempston-port and its colors
of border, to example, in black / white mask tsvet.Opredelite
0-th bit and look at the wiring diagram to which it corresponds
to the logical element, find the entrance - photo sensor. Run
the program - a cycle. Border will one color, even if you rotate
drive this fotodioda.Teper jumper photodiode (entrance LE) to
minus. Border must change the color for the closure, or
somewhere near You break - the closure of the signals. If the
border changes, pick up a resistor, closing the entrance to
zemlyu.Nominal will be within 2 - 510 ohms. Literally iterate
denominations in these predelah.Podpayav regular resistor, roll
the disk (the axis, which refers to the ball, after removing
the ball). Search by denomination, in which border flashes
proportional to the speed of rotation of the disk, even at very
fast rotation (as you can, while blinking border
should turn into a strip on the curb, not
less than 4 lanes (with a shallow step - slotted
drive, at least 8 pages). If the rapid
rotation of the curb stops flashing, coloring in one color, so
close to the nominal optimal and requires selection within
50%. When will pick the right resistor, solder the 3 such as
the rest of the photodiode. Selection of the others, probably
not necessary, however, change the mask bit and scan the rest
of photodiodes, for sure they work just as well.
(To be continued.)
Ed: Today Amiga Mouse is supported only in one program - in
Journal Subliminal Extasy # 3.
Schemes are looking for in the annex (AmiMousS.C,
K_J__myP.C, MOUSplat.C).
