(C) Lelik 2000
The appearance of ciphers.
A number of encryption systems has reached us from antiquity.
More often they appeared simultaneously with the script in the
4 millennium BC. Methods of secret correspondence were invented
independently in many ancient societies such as Egypt, Sumer
and China, but the detailed status of cryptology in them is
unknown. Cryptogram seek out even in ancient times, though, due
to used in the ancient world in the form of ideographic writing
stylized images were primitive. Sumerians, apparently
use cryptography. Archaeologists found clay
cuneiform tablets, where the first recording layer of gloss over
clay, which was made the second record. The origin of such
strange tables could be caused and cryptography, and disposal.
Because the number of ideographic signs letter was more
Thousands, then memorizing them is a difficult task -
here is not to encryption. Nevertheless, the codes that appear
along with dictionaries, are well known in Babylon and Assyria,
and ancient Egyptians used at least 3 encryption system. C
the development of phonetic writing script dramatically
simplified. In the ancient Semitic alphabet in the 2 nd
millennium BC, was only about 30 characters. They designated
consonant sounds, as well as some vowels and syllables.
Simplified stimulated the development of cryptography. Even in
the Bible you can find examples shifrovok, although few people
notice it. In the book of Jeremiah (25,26) we read: "... and
the king Sessaha drink after them." Such the king or the
kingdom was not - surely an error of the scribe? No, just
Sometimes the sacred Jewish texts encrypted by simple
replacement. Instead of the first letters of the alphabet was
written last, instead of the second - Penultimate and so on.
This ancient method of encryption called Atbashi. Reading to
him the word of the session at the original language get the
word Babylon, and the meaning of the biblical text can be
adopted did not blindly believing in the truth of Scripture.
Undoubtedly, that Prometheus who gave people the number of
letters and appreciated, by the way tell them above the fire
can be considered one of the first cryptology. But even
Democritus believed: "... all art, no What else should not
shoot or to Athena or to another god: all the arts are
generated over time needs and circumstances. "That's why not
cryptology could find a good habitat until the Roman Empire.
Thus, according to Herodotus in ancient Egypt, the role of the
cipher usually played by priests specially crafted language.
There are parallel there were three alphabets: writing, sacred
and mysterious. The first of them display a common spoken
language, the second could used for the presentation of
religious texts, and the third used predictors or to conceal
meaning. In Ancient Greece - the same soup, so pour thinner -
existed tens of very distinct dialects. Diogenes Laertius so
explained one of the reasons for the extinction of philosophy
pifagoriytsev: "... It was written in Dorian, as well as an
adverb obscure, it seemed that doctrine, it set out, not
authentic and distorted ... "On the one hand, a significant
development Cipher is unthinkable outside the big country with
wide linguistic, trade and political links between its parts.
On the other hand, the use of ciphers requires open
opposition to the interests of different groups of people
simultaneously respect the individual and his rights to freedom
as their own secrets, it is a democratic political system. When
tyranny and encryption, and plain text messages about the plot
equally deadly for senders and recipients. In
number of Greek city-states were subjected to cryptographers
whipping along with thieves, as did his profession
swindle and deceit. If the application of cosmetics women out
there sometimes considered an attempt to fool the eye and
distort the essence of things, then who would venture to become
a cryptographer? Quite another thing, when the state is
growing, begin to respect the rights of and freedoms of
citizens, it does not actually have a united and strong power,
when are wars of conquest and flourishing trade. Therefore, the
situation changes in the heyday of Rome, which was originally
represents only a small antique civilian communities, Further
excessively expanded, subjecting himself to Italy first and
then and all the Mediterranean. To control the governors in
numerous provinces encrypted communications for the Roman
authorities power has become essential. Many people probably
know substitution cipher associated with the name of Julius
Caesar. That's about it Gaius Suetonius reports: "There are his
letters to Cicero and letters to relatives about family
affairs: in them, if needed tell something behind the scenes,
he used cryptography, that is changed letters so that one did
not develop a single word. To parse and read them, you need to
read every time fourth letter in place of the first, for
example, D instead of A and so further. "This means that each
letter was replaced by encrypting fourth of it in the alphabet:
A-B-C-D, or D instead of A. Message to the Senate VENI VIDI
VICI, that is, COME SAW WON, Caesar made after day-long war
with the king of Pontus Parnach would appear to encode SBKF
SFAF SFZF. Why obrashschsya to such ancient history? Montaigne
in his philosophical experiments says: "Ignorance is twofold:
one, illiterate, precedes science; another uppity, following
exists for her. "So no need to laugh at the simplicity and
naivete first cipher - the pioneers of experiments is always
awkward. However, it is not to laugh when, trying to protect
his work, modern programmers reproduce the vices of Gaius
Julius - this indicates of the deep gaps in our education. It
is therefore surprising was acquainted with the said Caesar
cipher in computer directories containing tens of thousands of
addresses organizations and enterprises. When checking the
resistance of the cipher autopsy several megabytes of collected
bit by bit over the years information took less than an hour,
and from buying guide had refuse. Judge: inexperienced users
like accountants and financiers would think that they have
inscribed Directory information is protected, while it is easy
available to any hacker (and author of Handbook). In fact,
Developer unreliable encryption systems is suspect
wickedness: that intentionally made only semblance of privacy to
have access to customer information. Attempts to explain
the need for strong encryption and sufficiently frequent change
keys were met at the firm referred to manufacturers' directory
with naive simplicity: "If you want a different password from
the ours, you name it and we in the week put his
a fee. "fundamentally different cipher, more ancient, is
associated with a permutation of the letters the message to a
specific known sender and receiver rule. The ancients told: some
cunning of the Spartans found that if you strip pergaenta
spiral wound on a stick and write on it along the rod
text message, then, after removing the strip of letters on it
be located randomly. This is the same, if not write letters
row, and after determined number of the ring before until
full text will not be exhausted. Message to make when
coli in the circle 3 letters will VUTYPESATY encryption. The
text of her is not clear, is not it? To read the encryption is
necessary not only know the system of classification, but also
have a key in the form of Sticks adopted diameter. Knowing the
type of cipher, but with no key decrypt the message was
difficult. This cipher was called wandering under the name of
the bar, which wound papyrus scrolls, which indicates its
origin. He was very popular in Sparta and many times was
improved in later times. About him importance and widespread
evidence says Plutarch in "Comparative biographies, when the
historian tells about the life of the Greek military leader
Alcibiades: "However, Lysander drew attention to these words
not before received from home skitalu with orders to get rid of
... Alcibiades' recall, that the Greek writer and historian
Polybius invented two centuries before AD, the so-called
polibiansky square of 5x5, filled with the alphabet in random
order. For encryption square are letters of the text and
inserted into the bottom of the encryption her in the same
column. If the letter was the bottom line, it took the top of
the same column. This kind of squares is widely were used in
the latest cryptographic systems and will are detailed below.
Devices for encryption also existed since ancient times.
Sparta, the most warlike of the Greek States that have
well-developed system of secret military relationships are in
the V century BC. With the help of wandering, the first known
cryptographic device, the Spartan Eforie (Eforie - members of
the collective government of Sparta.) Encrypt messages, using
the method of simple permutations. Lazy, and because
yubretatelnye Romans in the IV century BC, to simplify
procedure of encryption, encrypt the drives are used. Each of
the 2 disks, placed on a common axis, contained on the rim of
the alphabet in random sequence. Finding on the same drive
letter of the text, with another disc were read the
corresponding letter of the cipher. Such Devices that generate
a simple code change. used up before the Renaissance. To
contact the Greeks and Romans used the code based polibianskogo
square filled with natural alphabet. The letter was encoded row
and column corresponding to it in the square. Signal was
applied at night with torches, a flag day. On the basis of such
a code is easy to make a cipher denoting each row and column
number of its flags. Very likely that such codes are applied,
but the historical evidence of this. He graduated from the
consideration of ancient ciphers, because a small number of
these examples contains all variety of classical approaches to
encryption, just if in the tiniest drop of water affects the
whole world.
Becoming a science of cryptology
We have the truth, like a lie
Should keep serried mouth
Otherwise, shame innocent
nazhivesh ...
Dante. "Divine Comedy"
P.S. Useful information was taken from the side, but with a
I will not say because I do not know.
