internet history

Khayushki, All! I got the chronology from the subject. www.citforum.ru 2.1. ARPANET Chronology - INTERNET Current Internet history not written yet, although it has already appeared many notes and individual articles. All these materials are located on the Internet itself [1,2,3]; even dissertations appeared, dedicated to its history [4]. Let's try years to consider the main events, that were related to the Internet. In 1962, ARPA research on military application issues computer technology headed by doctor Licklider (J.C.R. Licklider), who proposed to use for these purposes interaction of existing government computers. He contributed involvement of private companies in this work sector and university scientists. In this same year there was a report completed Paul Baran in the corporation RAND for the Air Force, "On Distribution Communications", in which various models have been studied communication systems and evaluated them survivability. The report suggested decentralized control system and connection that would continue function in case of failure parts of the system. One of the recommendations the author concerned the construction of the system digital data transmission for large number of users.Soon the main direction steel research carried out by the agency computer networks. The main idea was in building a network of peer nodes, each of whom had to have own receiving, processing and formation of messages that should have ensure high network survivability even when many nodes fail. First experiments on unification remote nodes were already carried out in 1965, when they were connected Massachusetts TX-2 computers Institute of Technology (MIT Lincoln Lab) and Q-32 SDC Corporation (System Development Corporation) in Santa Monica. True, the exchange of packets between them is time has not yet been spent, exchange was carried out character by character. In 1967, at the ACM symposium (Asso- ciation for Computer Machinery) was presented a plan to create a national networks with packet transmission. Soon after Roberts Symposium (Lawrence G. Roberts) published a plan for building such a network - ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork), and already in 1969 mi- The Department of Defense approved ARPANET in as a leading organization for research advances in the field of computer networks. The first node of the new network was UCLA - Network Test Center, and soon to it joined Stanford Research Tel Institute (SRI), UCSB - Cul-ler-Fried Interactive Mathematics (uni- Santa Barbara University) and university Utah. The nodes used IMP (Inter- face Message Processor) developed by Bolt Baranec & Newman, Inc. (BBN). The first transfers were carried out signs from one car to another. Appeared first RFC (Request for Comments) - "Host Software" by S. Crocker. AT&T Lab developed an operating system UNIX system. This year can be considered the year home of the beginning of the network revolution. Since 1970, ARPANET hosts began to use use NCP - Network for exchange Control Protocol. At the beginning of 1971, there were already 15 nodes: UCLA, SRI, UCSB, University of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard Lin- coln Lab., Stanford, UIU(C), CWRI, CMU, NASA/A, which united 23 hosts. In the same BBN's Ray Tomlinson proposed a mail program for re- sending messages over the network. At the university Hawaii under the leadership of N. Abrahamson (N. Abrahamson) was developed by ALONA- net. In 1972, at an international conference rent on computers and communications was pro- demonstrated interaction TIP (Ter- minal Interface Processor) with 40 machines networks. In the same year the group was created INWG (InterNetworking Working Group) under chaired by Professor Stan- Ford University Vinton Kirff (Vinton Cerf) for addressing development,necessary to harmonize various protocols. Kirf together with a group of as- pirants was developed by a group of prototypes stakes of exchange, which later turned into were in TCP/IP. "If only I had known that the protocol TCP/IP will become an international industrial standard used by millions of people day,” noted V. Kirf in 1994, “I would choose more than 32 bits, ad- fresh space and be more careful would rush to high-speed environments with long delay" [5]. Was published The Telnet specification (RFC 454) is forged. B this year the first commercial a version of UNIX written in C. Success UNIX exceeded all expectations. First international connections to ARPANET was implemented in 1973, when machines from England (University College of London) and Norway (Rogee Radar Establishment). B the same year satellite satellite was launched communication line with the University of Hawaii. B September 1973 Kirf and Katz (Kahn) presented the main ideas of the national networks at the INWG meeting in England and published rejoiced at the article "A Protocol for Packet Network Inter- communications" in which the we have details of the design of the software program Transmission Control program). In mid-1975, DARPA concluded that ARPANET is stable and control of the Internet was transferred to the DCA(Defense Communications Agency, now from known as DISA - Defense Information Systems Agency). In 1976, Mike Lesk from AT&T Bell Labs developed the UUCP protocol (Unix-to-Unix Copy), and within a year this protocol began to be supplied with UNIX OS version 7; UUCP Berkeley version was implemented a little later. Pro- TCP/IP protocols have become ubiquitous use to connect to ARPANET. This period of time is characterized was a general increase in the number of different se- tey. THEORYNET was born in 1977. developed by L. Landweber (L. Landwe- ber) from the University of Wisconsin. B network, uniting about 100 specialists com on computer technology, application e-mail and Telnet were available. Was electronic specification published mail (RFC 733). Timshare founded Tymnet. There was a demonstration of mutual actions ARPANET, PRNET (Packet Radio Net), Ethernet and SATNET (Satellite Net-work) based on Internet protocols. In 1979, based on UUCP, the on USENET. The PRNET network came under the auspices DARPA. ARPANET now actually consisted of two intersecting networks. One was working for ARPA researchers, another served for testing and development. In January 1981, in order to determine increasing the degree of suitability for the ministry defense offered by various developmentswas created by computer systems nerds Mini Computer Security Center Defense Security Council (DSC) Center). Operation of BITNET has begun (Because It's Time NETwork) and CSNET. In 1982, DCA and ARPA established as the basis for building the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). US Department of Defense January 1 1983 declared TCP/IP its standard vol. It was announced that ARPANET was law- completed the research stage, but skipped should remain under the direction of DAR- PA and DCA. Introduction developed in Vis- Consin University name server bo- no longer required users to know digital address of the required machine. B in the same year the entire ARPANET was transferred from NCP to TCP/IP. From the ARPANET you- the MILNET (Military Network) network was shared, intended only for military exchanges new information. Desktops appeared workstations running Berkeley UNIX OS, which which included IP connection programs. IAB (Internet Activities) was created Board). The next version of UNIX OS Berke- ley release 4.2 BSD included TCP/IP. Was the gateway between ARPANET was put into operation and CSNET. In 1984, the DNS system (Do- main Name System). Total number of hosts in networks exceeded 1,000. In September 1985, DSC was renamed novan at the National Computer Centersecurity - NCSC (National Computer Security Center), which came under Directorate of the National Security Agency security - NSA (National Security Agency) cy). NSF (National Science) was created Foundation), whose goal was to building the CSNET network (Computer Science Network) to unite national computer centers, many of which did not have access to the ARPANET. Work on the formation of CSNET intensified were created in 1986, when the creation of development of supercomputer centers. In re- As a result, the NSFNET network was created with main data transmission speed nykh - 56 Kbps. The network was based on 5 supercomputer centers in Princeton, Pittsburgh, UCSD, NCSA and Cornell University university This allowed significantly increase the amount of data transferred between universities. Was developed and implemented NNTP (Network News Transfer Pro- tocol) for increased productivity Usenet news. The number of hosts in 1987 exceeded 10 000. The number of BITNET hosts has reached 1,000. The construction of NSFNET began to be carried out by con- sortia IBM, MCI and MERIT. November 2, 1988 graduate of the Cor- Neil University Robert Tappan Morris launched his program online, which, due to an error, began to control distribution and multiple new infection of network nodes. In re- As a result, about 6,200 were infectedmachines, which amounted to 7.3% of the total number ness of machines on the network. After analyzing the event ty DARPA formed CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team). NSFNET Network switched to main speed T1 (1.544 Mbps). Connect to the NSFNET network Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Norway, Finland, France and Sweden. In 1989, the number of hosts exceeded 100,000. The IETF was formed under the auspices of the IAB. (Internet Engineering Task Force) and IRTF (Internet Research Task Force). To the network Australia, Great Britain joined, Germany, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Ni- Netherlands, New Zealand, Puerto Rico and Japan. In 1990, ARPANET itself ratified its existence, its functions continued NSFNET. Connected to the network Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Greece, India, Ireland, Spain, Chile, Switzerland and South Korea. In 1991 at the University of Maine P. Lindner and Mark McCa- Hill (Mark P. McCahill) developed a program Gopher frame. At CERN (Centre European pour la Recherche Nucleare) Tim Behr- Tim Berness-Lee developed World-Wide Web (WWW). Philip Zimmerman (Philip Zimmermen) implemented PGP (Pret- ty Good Privacy). The NFSNET network has become used use highways at T3 speed (44.736 Mbps). Traffic began to be 10 billion packages per month, which co- was 1 trillion bytes/month. To the networkHungary, Hong Kong, Poland joined, Portugal, Serbia, Singapore, Taiwan, Tunisia, Czech Republic and South Africa. The number of hosts in 1992 exceeded 1 000 000. IAB Service (Internet Activities Board) was reorganized into the Internet Architecture Board and became part of the Internet Society. K networks connected Venezuela, Cameroon, Cyprus, Kuwait, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malay Asia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Thailand, Equa- Dor and Estonia. In 1993, NSF created InterNIC to implementation of specific Internet services: directory and database services, services registration and information service. K NSFNET connected Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Ghana, Guam, Egypt, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Costa Rica, Lich- Tenstein, United Arab Emirates, Peru, Romania, Türkiye, Ukraine, Fiji and, finally, Russia. Since 1994, trading began activities via the network. NSFNET traffic exceeded 10 trillion bytes/month. By popularity among WWW users bypassed Telnet. Al- fat, Armenia, Bermuda, Burki- Faso, Jamaica, Lebanon, Lithuania, China, Colombia, Morocco, Masau, Niger, Nicara- Gua, New Caledonia, Panama, Swaziland, Senegal, Uzbekistan, Uruguay, Philippines, Sri Lanka and French Polynesia. Since 1995, domain name registration no longer free. Starting from 14September for registration, which is before this- was subsidized by NSF, fees apply in the amount of $50. Since April NSFNET, su- existed only thanks to the support government, disappeared, and was established Lena commercial system. Internet pro- owed its existence. On January 1, 1996, the network united 9,472,000 hosts. . With the best, Dima Boyko.