History of the Internet

Hello, Alex! 01 Feb 01, 09:51, Alex Letaev wrote to Alexandr Kushnikov on the topic "History Internet": AL> Beloved by lamers, IPX was born for the first and to interfere with the rest and AL> nothing more. Do you know what is written about IPX in one Small Manual: "IPX Protocol has one big drawback - it was developed by Nowell" Tell us grey, why you didn’t like IPX and why it’s worse than TCP/IP, especially in local networks, especially considering its higher performance compared to second? Happy connections. Roman. 2:5030/597.90@FidoNet.Org roman@biogate.com ICQ 18451676 500:812/5@ZxNet http://members.nbci.com/strolling

┌──┤Comments your last letter, Alex├── ─ ─ - │Once 4 Dec 2001 (Wed) at 11:39 │Roman Alexandrov wrote by Alex Letaev └─ ─ ─ - AL>> Beloved by lamers, IPX was born for the first and so AL>> disturb others and AL>> nothing more. RA> Do you know what is written about IPX in one Small Soft RA> manual: "The IPX protocol has one big drawback - RA> it was developed by Nowell" Tell us what you like RA> did not like IPX and why it is worse than TCP/IP, especially in local ones RA> networks, especially considering its higher RA> performance compared to the second? The popularity of the IPX/SPX stack is directly related to the Novell NetWare OS (and before 1996 he was the undisputed leader), which still retains world leadership by the number of installed systems, although recently its popularity has been somewhat has decreased and in terms of growth rates it lags behind NT. Feature of this stack is that it is focused on the operation of small local networks consisting from weak machines, but in large corporate networks it no longer works, maybe overloads them with broadcast packets. This is precisely the circumstance, but also the fact that the stack is the property of Novell and itsimplementation needs to obtain a license (those RFCs were not supported), for a long time limited its distribution to NetWare networks. The TCP/IP stack became widespread in the UNIX OS, and was able to surpass others stacks in popularity thanks to the Internet (after all, it is especially for him was developed). The main advantages of TCP/IP are its flexible system addressing and the ability to fragment packets, which allows it to be used in large networks. Well, of course there are disadvantages - these are high requirements for resources, and complexity of administration. Best regards, Sergey aka SiR-J Gray

Replay-to:dsu@ukr.net Greetings, Alexandr AM>>> The first electric computer was created in 1949 AM>>> called names AM>>> sort of like "ENIAC". DB>> Actually, in my opinion, “MARK” DB>> But the thing was purely experimental. For practical people DB>> was never suitable for purposes. AK> If you're in Moscow, go to the Polytechnic Museum - it's very good AK> interesting exhibition, by the way, Spectrum is there too AK> is represented. AK> (Top floor). I would drop by, but it’s unlikely that I’ll be in Moscow anytime soon. I dug up on the internet: Toko Larka finished eating :( Who was the first? Brief chronology of key events in the computer industry (1941-1981) Dates - Events 1941 - first automatic programmable universal digital computer. Name: ZЗ. Developer: Dr. Konrad Zuse, Germany. Approximate development period: 1938-1941. Brief description: ZZ continued the Berlin developments of Konrad Zuse - Z1 and Z2. It was controlled by punched tape made from used film, and input and output was made from a four-button numeric keypad and a lamppanels. The machine was based on relay technology and required approximately 2600 relays: 1400 for memory, 600 for arithmetic module and the rest as part of the control circuits. They were installed in three racks: two for memory and one for arithmetic - and in blocks controls (each approximately two meters high and one meter). The main disadvantage of relays is that the passage of the signal causes spark when closing and opening contacts. The spark was the cause of wear and contact corrosion and caused relay failures. Zuse was forced come up with various tricks to increase the service life of your devices. The memory consisted of 6 words. Just like in the early ones machines, Zuse used binary floating point numbers, but the length words was increased to 22 bits: fourteen for the mantissa, seven for order and one for the sign. The arithmetic module consisted of two mechanisms - for order and mantissas - which functioned in parallel. This provided no only performing four standard arithmetic operations, but also made it possible to calculate square roots. There were special "hardware" commands for multiplying numbers by - 1; 0.1; 0.5; 2 or 10. Practiced production of special modules for automatic conversion numbers from binary to decimal to make them easier to read anddata recording. The Z3 could perform three or four additions per second and multiply two numbers in 4 or 5 seconds. But the representation in Z3 of numbers with floating point made calculations more flexible than similar ones systems Having begun construction of the 23 in 1939, Zuse completed it on December 5 1941. The total cost of materials at that time was approximately $6500. Z3 has never been used to solve serious because limited memory did not allow loading sufficient information to provide a solution to the systems linear equations for which it was created. The only ZZ model was destroyed by an air raid in 1944. ZЗ - the first device, which can be called a fully formed computer with automatic control over operations. Contents menu 1943 - the first programmable electronic digital computer. Title: Colossus. Developers: Dr. Tommy Flowers and research laboratories of the Post Office in England. Approximate development period: 1939 - 1943. Brief description: Colossus was built in 1943 in research laboratories of the English Post Office Department inDollis Hill (North London) by a development team led by Tomi Flowers for decoding German telegraph encryption. German the command used the Lorenz cipher machine to process secret dispatches both from Hitler to the generals and between the generals. By decoding these messages, Generals Eisenhower and Montgomery received the most important information that played an important role in the successful landing Allied forces in 1944. Contents menu 1946 - the first large universal electronic digital computer. Name: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). Developers: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert (J. Presper Eckert). Approximate development period: 1943-1946. Brief description:Electronic numerical integrator and computer, fully ready for work in the spring of 1945, became the first fully functional digital computer. He was born in Moog School of Electrical Engineering (at the University of Pennsylvania). Addition time - 200 μs, multiplication - 2800 μs and division - 24000 μs. The computer contained 17468 vacuum tubes of sixteen types, 7200 crystal diodes and 4100 magnetic elements. Total costbase car - $750,000. The cost included additional equipment, magnetic memory modules (priced at 2970b.5 dollars) and rent from IBM (at $82.5 per month) a punch card reader (125 cards per minute). It also included rent (at 77 dollars per month) for an IBM punch (100 cards per minute). Consumed ENIAC power - 174 kW. Occupied space - about 300 sq. M. Contents menu 1949 - the first large, fully functional electronic digital computer with saved program. Name: EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer). Developers: Maurice Wilkes and staff Mathematical Laboratory of the University of Cambridge (England). Approximate development period: 1946-1949. First program successful passed (!) May 6, 1949. Contents menu 1950 - the first domestic electronic digital computer. Title: MESM ("Electronic calculating machine model"). Developers: S. A. Lebedev, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Approximate development period: 1946-1950. Contentmenu 1951 - First commercially available computer. Stored programs and used translator Name: UNIVAC 1 1. Developers: John Mauchiy and J. Presper Eckert (J. Presper Eckert). Approximate development period: 1946 - 1951. Brief description: The universal automatic computer was the first general purpose electronic digital computer. UNIVAC 1, work the creation of which began in 1946 and ended in 1951, had addition time is 120 μs, multiplication is 1800 μs and division is 3600 μs. UNIVAC could store 1000 words, 12000 digits with access time up to 400 μs maximum. The magnetic tape carried 120,000 words and 1,440,000 numbers. Input/output was carried out from magnetic tape, punched cards and a puncher. Contents menu 1952 - the first Russian general-purpose digital computer BESM family, focused on solving complex problems of science and technology. Name: BESM - "large electronic calculating machine". Developer: Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Approximate development period: 1949-1952. (For 1959-1966 there werefour more models of the family were designed: BESM-2, BESM-Z, BESM-ZM and BESM-4.) Brief description: Three-address parallel action machine, operated with 39-bit words at a speed of 10 thousand operations per second. Contents menu 1953 - the first electronic digital computer from IBM. Name: IBM 701. Developer: IBM. Approximate development period: 1951-1953. Brief description: The 701 was a parallel binary machine. Basic input/output devices - punched cards. But IBM also worked with magnetic tapes for long-term storage, printers (150 lines per minute) and a magnetic drum for quick storage. Total volume RAM - 4096 words (reducible to 2048). Addition time - 84 µs, multiplication - 204 µs and division - 216 µs. Regarding industrial use of the 701st machine, the first one went to IBM headquarters in New York at the end of 1952. In 1954, eighteen devices were delivered to the main customer - the American government: three - in atomic laboratories, eight - in airlines, three - in large corporations, two for government agencies, and two for the Navy. More one car ended up in the American weather bureau in early 1955.Contents menu 1956 - the first digital gaming device to achieve commercial success. The prototype of gaming computers and consoles. Title: Geniac. Developer: Edmund C. Berkeley. Approximate development period: 1955 - 1956. Contents menu 1957 - the first specialized business computer. Title: NCR 304. Developer: NCR Corporation. Approximate development period: 1955 - 1957. Contents menu 1957 - First commercial disk drive with moving read/write heads. Name: IBM 305. Developer: IBM. Contents menu 1959 - first mini-computer. Name: PDP-1. Developer: Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Approximate development period: 1957 - 1959. Contents menu 1961 - First commercially available integrated circuit.Developer: Fairchild Corporation. Approximate development period: 1959 - 1961. Contents menu 1963 - First reliable commercial use of cathode ray tubes (CRT) for computer display (VDT). Name: PDP-1. Developer: Digital Equipment Corporation. In earlier models displays used CRT from an oscilloscope. Contents menu 1964 - first manual input device. Name: "mouse". Developer: Douglas Engelbart. Approximate development period: 1962 - 1964. Contents menu 1967 - the last successful domestic development, the most powerful computer of the BESM family - BESM-6. Developer: Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science of the Academy of Sciences USSR. Approximate development period: 1965 - 1967. Brief description: Performance - about 1 million operations per second. The use of a unicast command system in the machine confirmed the general the trend towards increased flexibility of team management. Centralthe processor was characterized by a high degree of local parallelism, it had an ultra-high-speed buffer memory and extended command system, he had the ability to organize stack memory and dividing RAM into independent blocks. It was widely used to combine the execution of access operations memory with the operation of the arithmetic device and control device. There were five levels of command preview. Machine operation in time sharing and multiprogramming mode was provided hardware interrupt system, memory protection circuit, indexing and developed system for converting virtual memory addresses into physical. Indirect addressing and possibilities were also provided redirects. The total volume of software reached hundreds thousands of lines of code... Several more attempts were made to create a domestic world-class computing technology (for example, the Elbrus project), but all of them never reached serial use, and the Soviet the industry has "slipped" into pathetic "tearing" of IBM products, wasting scientific potential on studying foreign technologies using "gaze". Contents menu1970 - first multi-window user interface. The first large-scale implementation of e-mail. Developers: Douglas Engelbart and Augmentation Research Center. Approximate development period: 1969 - 1970. Contents menu 1971 - First commercially available microprocessor. Name: Intel 4004. Developer: Intel Corporation, developed for Busicom. Contents menu 1971 - First regular use of the 8-inch floppy disk (grandmother floppy disks). Developed by: Alan Shugart at IBM. Contents menu 1972 - the first cloning of IBM computers. Title: ES COMPUTER. Developers: CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) member countries - Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland, USSR and Czechoslovakia. Approximate development period: 1970 - 1987. Brief description: Unified (with the Americans) system of electronic computers (ES COMPUTER) was based on the IBM 360/370 architecture.Much later (in the 80s), similar copies from IBM PC/XT became be called clones, or “analogues”, and supplanted the “Blue giant" for supporting roles. There was even a movement - “clonomania”, continuing to this day. Contents menu 1972 - first digital microcomputer available for personal use use. Title: MITS 816. Developer: MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry System "microequipment and telemetry systems"). Approximate development period: 1972. Contents menu 1973 - the first fully functional personal computer, complete with monitor. Name: Alto. Developer: Hegoh company, laboratory in Palo Alto (Hegoh PARK). Approximate development period: 1970 - 1973. Contents menu 1974 - the first advertisement of a personal computer in the press. Advertised computer: SCELBI (Scientific, Electronic, and Biological - "scientific, electronic and biological"). Developer: SCELBI Computer Consulting, Milford (CT).The advertisement appeared in March 1974 in QST magazine. Contents menu 1974 - the first personal build kit put up for sale computer. Name: Mark-8. Developer: Jonathan Titus. Approximate development period: 1973 - 1974. Contents menu 1975 - the first personal computer mass-produced and offered for sale computer (included in the assembly kit and assembled). Name: Altair 8800. Developers: Edward Roberts, William Yates Yates) and Jim Bybee. Approximate development period: 1973 - 1974. Brief description: The first Altair used an Intel 8080 and 4 processor KB of memory (Fig. 1). Commissioned by Edward Roberts of MITS, distributing the computer, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote interpreter of the BASIC language, squeezing it into the available 4 KB (this is up to B. Gates is still proud). This is how the software company started Microsoft... Contents menu1975 - first integrated text-graphic display. First implementation hypertext, links and branch nodes. Developers: Douglas Engelbart and Augmentation Research Center. Approximate development period: 1962 - 1975. 1975 - the first personal computer IBM (IBM Portable Computer). Name: IBM 5100. Developer: IBM. Approximate development period: 1973 - 1975 (sales and marketing of this device were unsuccessful). Brief description: Laptop computer with tape input device/ output and a tiny display (Fig. 2). This is the IBM 5100 - one of the very first personal computers. IBM 5100 The Portable Computer was IBM's first (and unsuccessful) attempt to form personal computer at the end of 1974. He weighed about 23 kg and cost about 10,000 dollars. The computer had a built-in tape drive storage, small screen and the ability to control programs on BASIC or APL (a programming language created by IBM). IBM used its own components and did not rely on Intel microprocessor, unlike subsequent, more successful models. The monitor displayed 16 lines of 64 characters each, the memory was expandable up to 64 KB, and the tape device used standard music cassette that stored approximately 200 KBdata. The computer was designed for use in small businesses, but the high cost, interface shortcomings and inability to exchange data with other computers limited its use and did not allow it to become widely used personal computer. Contents menu 1976 - The first extremely successfully sold personal computer. Name: Apple II Developers: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Approximate development period: 1974 - 1976. Brief description: The first Apple II computer (Fig. 3), assembled literally on my knees, not too different from my brothers (Altair and others). And only the Apple II line (Fig. 4), made on commercially, has become extremely popular. A little later Applle III and Lisa appeared, and only then - Macintosh, released as Mac 128K (with all the new products attributed to Apple as discoverer). Apple II had 48 KB of memory and S.O.S. (Sophisticated Operating System - "intricate operating system system"); he created the trend of universal computerization and gave rise to fanaticism that prevents an adequate perception of computers in this companies. Contents menu1981 - the first successfully sold personal computer IBM. Name: IBM RS. Developer: IBM. Approximate development period: 1978 - 1981. Brief description: The original RS (Fig. 5) is a 1983 model with 640 KB of RAM, but the earliest models could only have 64 KB on the motherboard. This particular PC has two five-inch floppy disk drives. 360 KB floppy disks, one of them from IBM, and the other from a certain third company (already started!). Consumes only 63.5 W. Green screen monitor (no "on/off" switch) and a "clicky" keyboard with small Shift and Return keys. What could THIS do? Not much but look where it led...IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC), or personal computer (PC), August 12, 1981. At that time most computers were still 8-bit and could process 8 bits of information per cycle. IBM revolutionized computer industry, entering the market with a personal computer, based on the Intel 8088 processor, compatible with computers on 8-bit Intel processors, but processing up to 16 bits of information per clock cycle (that is, it was 16-bit). RS showed an example of expandable architecture known as "open architecture", which gaveallowing users to add new components to their computers without replacing the entire device. Initially, the IBM PC (model 5150) came with 16 KB of standard RAM (9x16 Kbit chips), expandable up to 64 Kbytes, per motherboard (three more banks are reserved) and up to 540 KB possible total amount of memory (not 640 KB due to hardware errors); had a single-color TTL monitor (model 5151), where green black was displayed 25 lines of 80 characters each and was connected to AC jack on the computer power supply (63.5 W), so no need for own switch; monochrome graphics adapter with parallel printer port; serial port; two places full height for external devices; flexible disk drive capable use single-sided and double-sided floppy disks, with single and doubled recording density (capacity 80 - 360 KB). IBM PC-DOS v1.1 limited floppy disk density to 8 sectors per track, or 320 KB of disk space, but already in ch2.0 this is a limitation was withdrawn (version 1.0 was so primitive that it was practically could not be used and was soon replaced; b. Gates still did not move away from BASIC). Second parallel port, second 360 KB floppy drive, color CGA adapter (without printerport) and a color monitor (model 5152) were optional. The second version of the IBM PC (with the same model number) already had 64 KB memory (9x64 Kbit chips), expandable up to 256 Kbytes, per motherboard (also three more free banks) with a total number 540 KB, and was called IBM Personal Computer. Thanks possible extensibility and openness of the architecture third-party Manufacturers quickly began producing hard drives that added new capabilities for storing programs and data on the IBM PC. March 8, 1983, apparently as a gift for International Women's Day, IBM released the XT personal computer (short for extended Technology), or PC/XT, or simply XT. It came with a tough 10 megabyte disk (MFM technology), memory up to 640 KB and MS-DOS v2.1 (Microsoft showed a grin), which supported directories and subdirectories. One or two five-inch floppy disk drives, and later a 20 MB hard drive from Seagate (ST-225), and low price ($1995) ushered in a new era of personal computers. The expansion bus of the XT personal computer contained eight slots instead of the old five. This gave users more Flexibility to add peripherals. The car was so popular that many manufacturers began to copy the IBM project.Since HT, there has been an explosion in the personal computer industry. He made possible largely thanks to open architecture IBM RS and XT, which has become an industry standard. Contents menu 1981 - the first successfully sold portable microcomputer with a screen, disk drives and a carrying case (prototype of laptops). Title: Osborne 1. Developer: Osborne Computer Corp. Approximate development period: 1980 - 1981. Short description: Five-inch floppy disk drive, tiny screen (3.55 inches horizontally and 2.63 vertically), template Wordstar word processor on the keyboard, batteries and carrying bag (Fig. 6) - what else do mobile phone lovers need? computers! Later, the IBM 5155 (Personal Portable Computer) model appeared - it of course, it looks more respectable, it’s still a brand name, but still very it seems. Contents menu _________________________________________________________________ The HTML document is based on the article “Who was first” (Computerra ╧43 November 18 1996). With the best, Dima Boyko.