[FWD] Full description of Esperanto (2)

============================================================================== * Forwarded by Alexej Antipov (500:95/468.6) * Region : ESPERANTO.RUS (/2065) * From: Andrej Ananjin, 2:5026/14.29 (17 Feb 01 23:13) * To: All, * Topic : Full description of Esperanto (2) ============================================================================== Personal pronouns Mi - I, si - you, li - he, s^i - she, g^i - it, ni - we, vi - you (you), ili - they Ci - almost never used. They always say "vi" - both to adults and child, one or many interlocutors. G^i - refers to all inanimate objects and animals. Li, s^i - only to people and animal heroes of fairy tales. Two more pronouns: oni - impersonal (Oni diras - say), si - reflexive - yourself, yourself. Li lavas sin - He washes himself (washes himself). When adding the ending -a to a pronoun, possessives are formed. pronouns: mia, via, lia - my, yours, his. Verb endings In the infinitive form, verbs end in -i: Interesi - to interest, projekti - to design. In the past tense, verbs have the ending - is: Mi vidis (I saw), vi projektis - you designed, s^i telefonis - she I called on the phone, tiel estis - that’s how it was. /To remember: HISTORY/ In the present tense, verbs end in -as: Mi parolas - I'm talking, oni sidas - sitting. /real/ In the future - on -os: Ni vidos - we'll see. Tiel estos - so it will be. /after/In the conditional mood, verbs take the ending -us: S^i projektus - she would design. In the imperative - ending -u: Donu! - give it! Sidu - sit. More complex tense forms are formed using participles. For example: vidinta - the one who saw, mi estis vidinta - (literally) in the past I was the one who saw - i.e. tense form "past in the past". Participles are formed using the suffixes -int- (past tense), -ant- (present tense). v.), -ont- (future tense) for active voice: Vidinta - seen, vidanta - seer, vidonta - one who sees. For the passive voice: -it- (past), -at- (present), -ot- (future). Vidita - seen, vidata - one who is seen, vidota - the one who will be seen. Esperanto has two cases: general and accusative. The accusative shows that the action directed at the object. Formed by adding the ending -n. For example: Li vidas s^in (he sees her), lin vidas s^i (she sees him). Britaj j^urnalistoj fotis rusajn politikistojn. (British journalists photographed Russians politicians). Mi amas vin - I love you. Thanks to the accusative, word order in Esperanto is free - just like in Russian language. Esperanto has one article - "la". It means that the object is known to us. La tablo - (this one or one known to interlocutors) table. Like Western European languages, Esperanto uses a linking verb "esti": Ni estas studentoj - We (are) students. Tio estas domo - this (is) house+ Origin: *Esperanto-teamo de Ivanovo* (2:5026/14.29) ================================================================================ Hello All! Sincere via, Alexej aka Marillion.