
                              

                  ⭠  祭
।⠢ ᫥騥 樨 ⮢ ( 楢)? 

                           筮      ⭠筮
              0 0 1 0
              0 1 1 0
              1 0 0 1
              1 0 1 0
              1 1 0 0

             ⭠筮 ⥬
祭,    ᫨    ⨥  맢   㤭,
  ࠧ ᪮쪮 ᫥ ࠭ ०, 祬 
. 
         ᬮਬ,      , ᫨  㦭 ᫮,
ॢ饥  15,  ᪠,  16.   ᯮ㥬 ᫥騩 
᫥ ⠪: 

              7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
                 = 16 筮  =  10 (⭠筮)

稭,  ன  襬 ᫮   10, ⮨  ⮬,
         "4-ࠧ來 箭". ⮬ 
               箭      
⭠   0  15 (0-9  A-F). 
           ᯮᮡ  ந 8-ࠧ來  
   ஢  ⭠ 箭: 
                     ____________________
                    |  7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0  |
                  _____|______  ____|______
                 |  3  2  1  0|| 3  2  1  0|
                        |            |
                       ONE          ONE
                   HEXADECIMAL  HEXADECIMAL
                      DIGIT        DIGIT
                        |____________|
                              |
                             TWO
                         HEXADECIMAL
                            DIGITS

1  -   ⭠筠 ; 2 -  ⭠
                           . 

         祭 "箭" ᫥  16 ࠧ ॢ蠥 祭
"箭" ࠢ.      ⥬
᫥,        ࠧ拉 "⪮"   10 ࠧ
, 祬   ࠧ拉 "". 
            設쭮   ८ࠧ㥬   ᫠    筮
⥬, ⠪  15  : 

                       15 = (1*10) + 0
                          = 16 筮

            ⠪   ᯮᮡ    砥  
    255      ᥣ  8  楢. ᨬ쭮
祭 砥,    : 

                    7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
                    ----------  ----------
                        |____________|
                              |
                             F F
      FFH = (F*16) + F
          = (15*16) + 15 (IN DECIMAL)
          = 255 (DECIMAL)  1 

             1 - 筮

         襥   ᫮   砥,      
ᮣ: 
                     00H = 0 筮 
           ,   ᫠,  襣 
襣,   ॡ        ⮫쪮    ,  ⮡
। ᫮. 
         쬨  ᠬ  ந    8 
ࠧ冷      ⠩   ८ࠧ      ᭠砫   
⭠,  ⮬   ⥬ ᫥. 
         砫     ࠭  㤮, 
 ᪮  ⮬ ਢ몭. 
         筮   ⠪        ⭠筮  ⥬
ந室 ⥬  ᯮᮡ,    筮: 

筠        26 27 28 29 30  .. 
᭠筠 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30  .. 

         祭  ᥫ    ਢ    筮  
⭠筮   ᫥⥫쭮,  筮,  ࠧ.
 ,  ᫥ 29    2,   30. 
           ணࠬ   몥 "ᨪ"  
    "" 筮 ᫮  ८ࠧ 
 ⭠- 筮 祭. 

1 0 0  REM DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION
1 1 0  PRINT "PLEASE INPUT DECIMAL VALUE"
1 2 0  INPUT N : PRINT N
1 3 0  LET S& -''': LET N2 = INT(N/16)
1 4 0  LET N1 - INT(N - N2*16)
1 5 0  LET S& - CHR& ((N1<=9)*(N1+48)+(N1>9)*(55+N1)+S&
1 6 0  IF N2 = 0 THEN PRINT : PRINT "HEXADECIMAL - 0" : S&
       :"H": FOR I = 1 TO 200: NEXT I: RUN
1 7 0  LET N = N2 : GO TO 140

     1 - ८ࠧ   ⭠;
     2 - , , 筮 祭;
     3 -     &.

         ஡ ८ࠧ  ⭠ ⥬
᫥騥  ᫠        ணࠬ   몥 "ᨪ"
஢ ᢮ ⢥. 

     1. 16484   砫 ᯫ 䠩 "";
     2. 22528   砫 䠩 ਡ⮢ "";
     3. 15360   砫   "";
     4. 15616   砫    ASCII "".

                              

         筠   ⥬  -    ᫮  祭,
騥  뢠 㯯   .  㯯
।⠢ ࠬ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. 
         ⭠筠    ⥬    -        ᫮
祭,  騥  뢠  㯯  16 .
  㯯 ।⠢ ࠬ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D, E, F. 
             ⭠筮 ᫠ 
   "H"            ଠ  ।⠢
᫠,ਬ,1800. 

                 8- ࠧ來 祩  

           "ZX  "  ⠪,      
祩    ᮤন    8  ⮢  (楢).  
祩   ࠭ ᫮  0  255 (筮).
  㤮  ।⠢   ⭠筮 ଠ  
ࠧ來 ᫠. 

                               

           ।⠢  ଠ樨 祫   
⢥   ࠧ.    祫  ଠ    ᭮
⮨    ᥫ     (䠢⭮-஢ ଠ),
⮣   ଠ   ࠭   㯯 ⮢. 
          砥  ࠧ (BINARI DIG JT. "0" 
"1");    ய  Z80A    㯯஢  8.
㯯   8 ⮢ 뢠 ⮬. 
           ᯮᮡ  ।⠢  ଠ    
   ࠧ冷   뢠    ଠ⮬.  
  몠,   ஬ ࠧਢ Z80  設⢮
   -.    ᭮      ⨯  ଠ樨,
।⠢塞    "".    -  ணࠬ.
ன  -  ,  묨 ணࠬ 㤥 ⢮ 
   ᫠  䠢⭮-஢ ⥪. 
⠪    㤥 ᬠਢ   ।⠢: ணࠬ,
᫠, 䠢⭮-஢ ⥪. 

                               

         ணࠬ  -  ᫥⥫쭮   믮
⭮  , ஥  ࠧ  ஥ ᫮
"ࠧ".      Z80          ७
।⠢      ᪮쪨 ⮢.  ,
।⠢   ⮬, 뢠 ⪨ .
      ।⠢   ᪮쪨
⠬. 
         ᪮  Z80  - 쬨ࠧ來 ய, 
     ࠧ ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮  ,  ᫨ 
ॡ    ,      ᫥⥫  
⮢   . ⮬  饬 砥 ⮢ 
㤥  믮 ॥, 祬 -  塠⮢. 
ࠧ,    ࠢ  룮   ணࠬ  設
몥,  ਬ  ( ) ⮢ .  
ᬮ  ⪨     ⠡  
  ਫ.        ᯮ,   .
  ᬮਬ    㡮. 

              ।⠢ ᫮ ଠ樨
              ---------------------------------
                               

            ⬥砫,  - ᯮᮡ ஢
Z80    ।⠢ ⠪ ᫠,  11,53.  
ࠡ  ⮫쪮    楫묨  ᫠.  ஬  ⮣, ᯮ
⮫쪮  8  楢  (..  8-ࠧ來  ᫠),     
।⠢    ᫠     0  255. ਬ,
筮  255 ।⠢  FFH,    筮  
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 
             ⥫묨 ᫠? 

                                
                               

         ,     -  㪠  8 栬  ᫮
।⠢         ⣨  ࠧ  楢.
祢,  ⮡ ।⠢ 楫 ᫮    筮
ଠ,      室     ᯮᮡ  ।⠢
⥫  ⥫ ᥫ.  ,  
।⠢  ⥫쭮  ᫠    ਭ ᫥
⥬  祭: ᫮, ।⠢  㪥 , 㤥
  ⥫,  ᫨   ⮣ 让 . 
ନ  訩  -  7 - ⠭. 
         ⠪,      ⠥  ᥣ 7 楢 (⮢) 
।⠢  祭  ᫠.    ,   訬
᫮, ஥  ।⠢, 㦥  㤥 255.  ᠬ
   ᥫ,   ᮤঠ   㪥
(    ),   ⥫묨,  㣠  -
⥫묨,    ᨬ  ⮣,  让 
 . 
           ᥫ, ।⠢   㪥,
᫨  ᪠ ⥫ ᫠, 㤥 ⮣  -128 
+127.    ,      ᥫ, 
 ।⠢,  ० 㤥   256 ᥫ. 
   㤭:  ᫮   訬
楬 㤥 ⥫ ᫮,   - ⥫? 
         ⢥:       .  ᠬ  ᤥ
롮:  ᫠       0  255, 
 -128  +127,       ࠧ.  ,
ணࠬ,      ,     ⥬  祭
ਬ    .    ⢮
  ᨬ  ⮣, ।  , ⮡
  ᫠  ॣ  뫨 ⥫  ⮡ 
뫨  ⥫묨  ⥫묨. 

              

           㦥  訫,    ꥬ  讣  㤥
   ⥫쭮   ᫮,            -
⥫쭮. 筮  ⮣? 
         .      ,      127  
権  ⠫ 7 楢 㤥  -1,  -2
  ..    室  ।⠢  ⥫  ᥫ
⠪,      ᫮  ᫠  ⨢  㤥
  0.   ⢥ ࠦ  㬠, 
᫮    ᫮  1  0. , 祢, 㤥 -1  
㦥 ,  让  -  7 - 㤥 : 

     0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0                    0 0 0 0  0 0 0 1
     1 ? ? ?  ? ? ? ?  ( COULD IT BE=)?  1 0 0 0  0 0 0 1
    ----------------         1          -----------------
     0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0                    1 0 0 0  0 0 1 0
                      1 -   ⠪?

          ஡㥬 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1, 묨 ᫮, 
  ᠬ,      +1,     訬 楬. ⮡
஢  㤥      -1, ஡㥬 ᫮   +1. 
襨 ᫥,  㬬 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0, 祢,
    ࠢ쭮  ⢥.  ᫨     뫮 㦭 
᫮,    ⢥  ࠢ  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 祢, 
㦭  ᫮,  ਭ饥  ७   0  ८ࠧ饥
    ᫥⥫쭮  㫥.   ᠬ ஡
த      㢨,  ⢥ ᫮, 騬
ࠢ  ⢥,  㤥  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (⭠筮
FFH). ⮢ਬ  ⮬: 

                       0 0 0 0  0 0 0 1
                       1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1
          1       -    -----------------
          (CARRY)      0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0
          1 - ७

             ᯮᮡ ࠡ  ᭮ ⮣
ਬ   饥  ࠢ      ⥫쭮  ᫠?
宦,  㦭  栭 ᫠   1  .
஡㥬  ࠢ  㣮 ᫥, ⠪ ᪠,  3: 

             3 =       0 0 0 0  0 0 1 1
       1     OPPOSITE  1 1 1 1  1 1 0 0
       2     ADD 1 =>  1 1 1 1  1 1 0 1    (FDH)
       1 - 栭; 2 -  

           ᫮    ᫮    3    ᬮਬ, 
: 

                       0 0 0 0  0 0 1 1
                     / 1 1 1 1  1 1 0 1
          1         /   -----------------
           (CARRY)-/     0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0
          1 - ७
                         稫!
          諨 ᯮᮡ ।⠢ ⥫ ᥫ: 

                          -01 => FF
                          -02 => FE
                          -03 => FD  ..

      襥 ⥫쭮 ᫮ 㤥

      0 1 1 1  1 1 1 1   =  7F => 127 筮

       ⨢  㤥

      1 0 0 0  0 0 0 1   =  81 => -127 筮

         饩  ஢મ ⮣ ࠢ 㤥 ᬮ,
୥        ⥫쭮  ,  ਬ    
⥫쭮  .  ஡㥬   ᫥ -3, 
ண   稫 祭 FDH. 

      1  NUMBER     1 1 1 1  1 1 1 1
      2  OPPOSITE   0 0 0 0  0 0 1 0
      3  ADD 1 =>   0 0 0 0  0 0 1 1
 1 - ᫮; 2 -  栭; 3 -  1

         ⠪,      ।⠢  ࠡ뢠.    
ਬ    ,    ⮡             ᫠
⨢ . 

               16-ࠧ來 ⥫ ᫠

          筮   ᠬ 㦤 ਫ  ᫠
   (16-ࠧ來 ᫠),  ⮫쪮 㦭 
让      㪨,  ⮡   ⥫쭮 
᫮ (..  7 襣 ). 

                     ᫮ 祭

            ନ         ᫮  祭
뢠   "      ".     祭
       ⥫  ᥫ 
      ਫ    ⮩ . ,  
⮫쪮  ᫮ 祭.  -⠪ ਤ  ६
,   ᯮ㥬  ᫠  ᫠ 
0  255   -128  +127. 

                          ࠦ
         1.  ᫨  127  (0  1  1  1  1  1  1  1) - 襥
⥫쭮 ᫮, ஥  ।⠢   
᫮ 祭,    ।⠢ -128? 
         2.    襥  ⥫쭮   襥
⥫쭮 16-ࠧ來 ᫠ (   /⮢/). 
         3.                襣
16-ࠧ來  ⥫쭮  ᫠  8000H. 祬  㤥
8000? 

            - 

               ⨬,  ⮡  設 몥 ᫠
।⠢﫨            뫨  ।祭  
᫥.       ,  ⮡      㦨
ᨬ    ᥫ. ਬ,  襩 ᫥
ணࠬ,     "1-   ணࠬ". 
⥬  祭  䠢⭮-஢  ,..  ,
筮   אַ:            ᫠   
।⠢   㪥 (..  8-ࠧ來 ). 
                      ⠭  ।⠢
䠢⭮- ஢ :  ASCII   ABCDIC. 
         ASCII   -  砥  "ਪ᪨  ⠭  
  ଠ樥",  ப  ਬ    ஬諥
-. 
         ABCDIC - ਠ ASCII, ਬ塞 ମ IBM. 
             "ZX    "    䠢⭮-஢   
㤮⢮  ⠭  ASCII,    ᪫祭   
(61)  ᪮ ࠢ (7).  ८ࠧ ASCII 
      ਫ.  ࠢ    ⠡楩 
      ਫ      㪮⢠  襣  "",
.183-186. 
         ஡  ।: 
                       PRINT CHR&  33 
         १   (!),   ᪮   ७
।⠢ (!) 㤥 21. 
         :   ⮫쪮  ,   ,
 㪠  ।⠢ ᠬ ࠧ .   : 
         -     ணࠬ; 
         -  ᫮    0  255; 
         -  ᫮    -128  +127; 
         -   ᫠   ; 
         -  䠢⭮-஢ . 
              ୮,      ,  ணࠬ,  
,    ࠭  㪥 . 

                                 

                      ন 

             ""        ࠭
ணࠬ, ᫠  ⥪.   ᯮᮡ ᪠, 
  ,      ᮤন  ⤥쭮  祩
. 

                          ணࠬ

            ணࠬ   ࠭          
᫥⥫쭮-  ⥩  ⮢.    
ᥣ  .  㣨 -  4 ⮢. 

                            ᫠

           祩    ᯮ짮  
࠭  ⥫  楫  ᥫ,    楫  ᥫ 
   (ᥫ,           ⥫묨  
⥫묨)    襬 롮.  ᥫ  
  0  255,   -128  +127. 

                     ⥫ ᫠

         뫮  ਭ ᮣ襭,    蠥,  
 㤥 ࠭ ᫮   (+  -), ਬ
᫥饥 ࠢ: 
         -  ᫨  7 ⠭,  ᫮ ⥫쭮;
         -  ᫨  7  ⠭, ᫮ ⥫쭮.
         ⮡      ᫮,   ⨢   
 , 㦭  "  "  ਡ
1. 

                        

            ᫠   -   栭
  筮  ଠ.   ⠭  뢠 
. 

                               

                                  

           ਫ,      ""  -  
Z80A.      த騩  ਠ  Z80,
ந      業  ମ  "".  ⢥
⫨稥    ࠬ  Z80    Z80A ⮨  ⮬, 
        ࠡ⠥          
ᨭநᮢ 2 ,  ன - 3,5 . 
           ᨭநᮢ -   
᪮  믮  ᫥  .  ""  ᥪ㭤
   3,5      ᨭᨣ,   ..   
ᨭந  0,000000286 ᥪ㭤. 
         C    ,  믮塞 ,  4
ᨭந,    ᠬ    -  21  ᨭந.  
砥,      ᫨    믮  ⮫쪮  ᠬ
  ,    ࠢ   ᥪ㭤 㤥 믮
 160 000 . 

                    ᪠  

            ""   -   ६   稯    40
⠪⠬, ஭㬥஢묨  1  40.  ⠪ - 
裡   ஬  ⠫쭮 . ਬ, 
砥  ⠭    筨  ⠭  १  ⠪ 11,
砥 ᨭந १ ⠪ 6, 砥  ਭ
  १  ⠪    1    5   30  40, 뫠 
ਭ   १ ⠪  7  15  ᪫祭 11.
⠫   ⠪   ।祭    ।  ᨣ
ࠢ. 
          ⮬ ⠯   ,   
⠫.   ⮨ 室  㬥.  ᠬ 
    ⮬,     ७  
   㦭  , ⮡ 짮  ﬨ.
    ᠬ,   ஬. ᪠ 
  "஧筠"  짮⥫ (묨 ᫮,   
).    ⮫쪮 ᪠  
,     砥, 稯 Z80,     ᯮ짮
   楫. 

                   ᪠ ⨭ 

         ᪨  Z80    ࠧ  5 㭪樮
⥩: 
      1. ன⢮ ࠢ; 
      2.  ; 
      3. 稪 ; 
      4. 䬥⨪-᪮ ன⢮; 
      5. 24 ॣ 짮⥫ (ᯮ㥬 㪨  
         ). 

                    ன⢮ ࠢ

             ᬠਢ  ன⢮  ࠢ 
  㯥ࢨ, ࠢ騩 ࠡ⮩ .   ⮨
  ᨭ஭樨   न樨 , ࠡ⪨  뢮 
⭮  , 祭   ᨬ  ⮣,
室        ᠭ   ணࠬ 
 襩 ணࠬ. 

                         

           -  㪠,  ᯮ㥬    ࠭ ⥪饩
,      ᮡࠥ ᯮ. ,  楫
⠢饥  ணࠬ,   室 -   -
    ,     ந 㯮.  
  ,  ணࠬ -  ᫥⥫쭮 .
, ⮡ 믮 , ன⢮ ࠢ  
।  ᪨     (  , 
      ந  㯮)  ६   ,
뢠 "ॣ ". 

                        稪 

           ⢨⥫쭮      Z80, ᮮ ,
  室  ᫥    ணࠬ  ( ᫥饩
祩  ,   ஬ ன⢮ ࠢ  
).      ࠢ    ,  ᫥饬 
ᯮ ᫥饩 . 

            䬥⨪-᪮ ன⢮ ()

               .   믮 
䬥- ᪨, ⠪  ᪨ 樨.   ᭮
䬥᪨  㭪権,    ,  ன⢮
   믮   ⮫쪮     ᫮    ⠭,
㢥祭  (  1)  㬥襭 (⠭ 1),  
㬭    .   ன⢮  ⠪ ࠢ
᫠    㪨  믮 "⮢" 樨, ⠪
  ६饭  楢    ,  ⠢  ਦ⨥
। 楢  .. 
             १ ᫥, 砥 ,
筮   ﭨ ࠧ "䫠"  ॣ FLAG.
   ᬠਢ  ஡. 

                     짮⥫

          㪨   , 묨 , ணࠬ, 
ࠢ.      ய   Z80    24  ॣ
짮⥫.         㪨,   -
.   ࠧ,   ᮧ           ,    
אַ㣮쭨,       ⥫쭮 ।⠢
ᥡ    襥 ।⠢  ந室饬, 
⮪  ணࠬ஢    㬥, ᫨  㤥
  -  த:"... ⥬  ६頥 ଠ
 ࠢ 㪨  ". 
                ࠢ    
  ,  ⠪  ⮫   樥  
᪠: 
                          "LD  B,A" 
         -,  ⮪ ணࠬ஢ 뢠 㪨 
  .   ਫ,     8 :
  뢠  A,  B,  C,  D, E,...  ஥  
㪠,  ।,    8 栬. 
                 :    뢠 IX  IY. 
।  -  ,  㣮  16 栬. 
                    .  ᪮
  ॣ ⮨   㪢,    
㪠  (..    ᮤন  8 ⮢).  , ᫨ 
⮨    㪢,   㤥  (..  ᮤন 16
⮢). 
          ⨫     諨  楢
    ⠬?  祭  稬   ନ
ணࠬ஢. 
           ᠬ  , ⠫  㪨 , ᫥騥 
D, E...   "G"  "H",   뫮 ,  "H"
 "L". 
           ਢ  ࠤ樮  ᯮᮡ ।⠢
  ॣ஢: 
                   
                        A     -     F
                        B     -     C
                        D     -     E
                        H     -     L
                              IX
                              IY

           ,   "F" ᮮ⢥ "A", 
冷   ⠫   筮  ⢥.  稭,  
ன  ॣ 㯯஢ ⠪ ࠧ, ⮨  ⮬,
      ⠢ . 
             殢, ᫨  ।  -  
16  ⠬,      ᯮ짮 
  ਬ    8-⮢  㪨    .  ⮬ 
ਬ   " ॣ஢" ⠪,  BC, DE  HL. 稭,
  ன    ॣ஢  "HL" 뢠 ⠪,   "GN",
ਬ,  ⮨  ⮬, ⮡  ,   
ॣ஢  襥  ᫮,     襥.  筮
⮬,   ᫨   ⥫ ।⠢ ᫠  0  100 
㪠      .        ⠢    楢
।⠢ ᥫ 0  10,  筮 㤥  栬 
(  ᫮,    筮 ).   ᯮᮡ
  ⠪  ⮤ ᫮ 37 - ⫮ 3  㪠  7
  ,    㦭  - ,  ᫮ 㤥
訬  ࠧ冷,     訬.  - 㣮
,   ⥫ ।⠢ ᫮ 73. 
         "H"    "HL" 砥 訩 (HIGHT),  "L" 訩
(LOW), ⠪    ९. 
           奬    ॣ஢   ⠪ 㪠,
  ॣ஢    ᮤন 襥 ᫮: 

                           B  C  BC
                           D  E  DE

᪮      訥     訥  ᫠  ࠧ  
 浪. 
          (IX  IY) ⠪  ᯥ樠쭮 : 
뢠  묨  ॣࠬ.    易   
⥬,    ਬ  ࣠樨 ଠ樨 ⠪, 
࣠  㪠⥫    .   㣮 ஭,  
ᬠਢ    㪠⥫ ⠡.    浪.
  﫨  ନ      ⠭  
 . 

                ( )

           8-⮢ ॣ (⮢) - ᠬ 
  Z80.    室    , 
         ॣ,   ਬ訩    
१.       諨 ।    ,
騩  ॣ  -०  ப  ਬ  
᪨    䬥᪨  権.  ᠬ  
    ⠪ ࠧ,   樨
  믮 ⮫쪮   ॣ .   
    稯  Z80   ॣ  - ਢ஢.  
।⠢  ᥡ  ॣ     ࠢ   筮
⮬,     ࠡ  믮 ࠢ
㪮, 祬 . 

                            

         ,   , ,  "AF" 筮 
ᬠਢ       ॣ஢.  "F"    ⮬  砥
ਬ    祭  "ॣ 䫠".  㪠  8
栬,  ⠪      㪠뢠 믮  
। ᫮.  ୥  ⮬   ⤥쭮
. 

                         

               ॣ஢  (BC,  DE,  HL)    HL ,
,    .    ⮣,   짮⥫
।⠢  롮,  ਬ        ⤥
ॣ஢       ॣ஢. Z80 ᪮஢ ⠪
ࠧ,          ।   樨   16-⮢
䬥⨪,      믮  ⮫쪮   
ॣ஢ HL. 
         -  ⠪  ਢ஢,    窨  ७
,  ,  樨    ன  ॣ஢
  筮  ॥  믮    ॣ஢ HL. -
⮣  HL  뢠  ।⥭    ணࠬ஢  
設 몥. 
