ͻ
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                           
                                                               
                                         
                                        
                                 
                                      
                                      
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                        
                                                           
                                                            
                                                              
                                                            
                                                           
                                                        
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                              
                                                             
                                 
                                   
                                   
                                      
                                      
                                                               
                                                                   
                                                                   
ͼ
.













                   

     ப   ZX   Spectrum       Sinclair    Research
  ⮨,  ⭮⥫쭮 ࠧ⮩ (  1982 )
䨪, 讬     㯭 ணࠬ,   
㦨  ணࠬ஢, ᭮  㯭 ஡⥩
⥪       ⥬  ⮡ᯥ祭     
᪮ 뭪   .  ᫥,  騥 
 ணࠬ,   Timex  2048, த   ⮭,  
   Timex   2068,   ZX     Spectrum   2+   (    
Amstrad-Sinclair)  Elwko  800  junior -  騩 ᪨  祡
, ᯮᮡ    ० ࠡ  ZX Zpectrum.
       㬠    ଥ 樨  
ᯫ樨.   짮⥫,    㯠    ਣ
㬥樨,   ᯮᮡ    ᯮ짮 -  몮
㤭⥩, ਢ    ଠ, 
 樨.   ᮦ  諮 ⫮   ᫥饣  ࠧ
ᠭ ⥫ ⥩ ZX Spectrum, 㤮 ZX
䥩ᮬ 1 (㦨 ZX microdrive, RS 232, 쭮 ).
     筮    ਬ஢     ⠢          ⥫
ᯥਬ⠫쭮  ஢  騥  ᮬ.    
ண 祭  ᮡ⢥   -     ᯮ,
     .            ।祭     
⥬ 祭.     ⠢ ਠ   ᯥ
 室  ࠡ   ஬ ଠ樨   ࠧ
ᮬ  稭, ⠪    짮⥫ ZX  Spectrum,
     ࠡ.





.

                            - 2 -


                          ঠ

          ....................................   1

1         ...................................   4

2         .....................................   6

3        BASIC ........................................   8

3.1       ணࠬ ..........................   8
3.2        ..................................   9
3.3       ........................................  10
3.4      ࠦ ....................................  10
3.4.1    뤥 ࠣ ⥪ ...................  11
3.4.2      ⥯ (^) .....................  11
3.4.3       ᫠ (-) .....................  11
3.4.4       (*,/) ....................  12
3.4.5      ⠭ (+,-) ...................  12
3.4.6     ⭮襭(=,<,>,<=,>=,<>) ..............  12
3.4.7    ᪮ 栭 (NOT) ...................  12
3.4.8    ᪮ 㬭  (AND) ..................  13
3.4.9    ᪮ ᫮ (OR) .....................  13
3.5      㭪樨 ......................................  14
3.6      樨 ZX-BASIC ..........................  18
3.7      ࠢ騥 ᨬ ..........................  29
3.8      ⥬ ᮮ饭 ..........................  30

4        ୠ 䬥⨪ ......................  34

5        ᯮ짮  .........................  36

5.1      மࠧ ᨬ ...........................  36
5.2      ࠭ ........................................  37
5.3      ਡ (22528...23295) .....................  37
5.4       ਭ (23296...23551) ...............  38
5.5       தࠩ ............................  38
5.6      ணࠬ ZX-BASIC (PROG  VARS-1) ..........  38
5.7      ६ ZX-BASIC (VARS  EL_LINE-2) ......  39
5.8       । (EL_LINE  WORKSP-1) ........  41
5.9       樨 INPUT (WORKSP  ............  41
         STKBOT-1)
5.10     ⥪  (STKBOT  STKEND-1) .......  41
5.11       ⥬ BASIC ..............  41
         (STKEND+1  SP)
5.12     ⥪ 設 (SP  ERR_SP) .................  41
5.13     ⥪ ᮢ  GOSUB (ERR_SP+1 ........  42
          RAMTOP)
5.14      ᢮  (RAMTOP+1  ........  42
         P_RAMT)
5.15     ࠧ ᨬ 짮⥫ (UDG  .........  42
         UDG+167)



                            - 3 -

6        ⥬ ६ .........................  43

6.1        ⥬  ....................  43
6.2      ६, 㦨騥  .........  44
6.3      ६ ﭨ ⥬ .................  46
6.4      ६, 㦨騥 ࠭ ⥫ ...  48

7          ⮪ ..............................  51

8        ⥬ 楤 ..........................  54

8.1        㪮 .............................  54
8.2        䮭 ........................  55
8.3      뢮  ࠭   ......................  56
8.4      ࠭ 䨪 .............................  58
8.5      ⪠  ६饭 ࠭ .................  59
8.6      뢠   ......................  60
8.7       ..................................  60
8.8      ⥫ ⥬ 楤 ...........  64

9        訡  ⥬ .............................  65

9.1      訡  ...............................  65
9.2      訡 "-65536" ..............................  65
9.3      訡 CHR$8 .................................  65
9.4      訡 CHR$9 .................................  65
9.5      訡 "Press any key..." ....................  65
9.6      訡 㪠⥫ 饩 ப ..............  65
9.7      訡 DELETE ................................  66
9.8      訡  ஡ ......................  66
9.9      訡 ० K ..............................  66
9.10     訡 SCREEN$ ...............................  66
9.11     訡 STR$ ..................................  66
9.12     訡 CLOSE .................................  66
9.13     訡 RET ...................................  67
9.14     訡 NMI ...................................  67
9.15     訡 PAUSE N ...............................  67
9.16     訡 CLS ...................................  67

.

                            - 4 -


                         1. 

      ZX Spectrum ⮨   40,  ZX Spectrum+ -   58
.   祢 ᫮  BASIC    ⨥   .
   ᫮ ᢥ稢    ࠭  ,
祭  騬  ஬.         ࠧ  ᫥
祭    ᫥  뢮 ᮮ饭,    
⮫쪮 ᫥  .  㪢   㪠뢠,  
               ०     室
(. mode):
            K - 祢 ᫮ (keywords);
            L - ய 㪢 (letters);
            C -   㪢    ᨬ (capitals);
            E  - 祢  ᫮   , ࠧ饭
                    襩  (extended mode);
            G -   ᪨ ᨬ (graphics).

祭  , ஬  ०, ⠪   
(  )  ६       (  ࠭)       
ᯥ樠 :

         Caps   Shift -  㪢 (CS);
         Symbol Shift - ᨬ (SS).

 , 室 砫  "Caps Shift" (  "Symbol
Shift"),  ⥬,  ᪠ 㭪樮 ,  㦭
, ਬ   2.   ⢨    
ᨬ "/", ਬ SS/2.
      ZX Spectrum    8 ࠧ  祭.
  㤥  ᢥ祭  ࠭   ⨨, ਬ,  
"R":
        ० E              : INT
        ० H              : R ய᭠
        ० C              : R
        ० K              : RUN
        ० L,C,K+SS/     : <
        ० E              : VERIFY
        ० G              :   ଥ 㪢 R,  㣮
                               ।  짮⥫  (
                                A-U);   V, W, X, Y,
                               Z  ⮬ ०   ᯮ.
                                G    ⮩  㯯 
                               ࠢ祭 ० L  ﭭ
                               ⨥ CS  ᯥ稢 ᢥ-
                               稢  .

    묨 蠬 孥 鸞, ਬ,  襩 
ன 3, ࠧ饭   :

        ० E+CS/          : magenta (梥 )
        ० E              : magenta (梥 䮭)
        ० K,L,C+CS/     : True video
        ० E+CS/          : Line
         ..


                            - 5 -

  ०  G  ᫥     ⮩      ࠭   
᪨ ᨬ,   砥  ६  CS  SS  -
  ᨬ   梥⮬.    襩 砥
஫ ᨬ.    ᢥ稢     ࠭,   
⮫쪮 뢠  । 䥪.  ਬ,    ᬮ७
० ⠪   ।   梥 䮭   ᠬ    
᫥ ᨬ:

                 E+CS/                 E
               (梥 ᨬ)             (梥 䮭)
CS/0                  (black)            0
CS/1         ⥬-㡮  (blue)             1
CS/2                 (red)              2
CS/3         䨮⮢     (magenta)          3
CS/4                 (green)            4
CS/5         ᢥ⫮-㡮 (cyan)             5
CS/6                  (yellow)           6
CS/7                   (white)            7
CS/8           FLASH1                8
               BRIGHT1
CS/9           FLASH0                9
               BRIGHT0

     ⨬ ,     "8"   "9" ⮦     ⮬
० 祭, ᬮ  ,    祭 .
   K, L   C  ⮫쪮 樨  CS/3   CS/4  뢠
梥⮢ 䥪:

        CS/3 - ᬥ 梥⮢ 䮭  ᨬ
               (inverse video);
        CS/4 - 頥  ࢮ砫 梥
               (true video).
 ZX Spectrum+ ⨬  ᮮ⢥ ᯥ樠 .
     ⨬ ,   ᯮ짮  襮ᠭ 権
  -  ⢥  ᯮᮡ    梥⮢  ⥪  ணࠬ.
⠫ 樨  ᬮ७  .   ⥯   
ᯮᮡ  ﭨ . אַ 室  ० G
 E  .   짮⥫    ।⢥    
室   ० K  ० L   ⭮.   ⥬
 ᫮ ⮫쪮     .     ᫥ ᪮쪨
஡    뢠             稭   
। ⮨⢠ ⠪ ࣠樨 .
       "Break/Space"    ६      㦨   
ᥭ ய᪮ (஡)  .
       ZX  Spectrum+   ७   㤮  
ᯮ짮.    ०  ⨣    ⨥.
  ஫ ᨬ,  砥  ᪮   
  CS/,        ।⠢  ⤥묨   蠬.
뤥 ⠪  㯮ॡ塞  ९. ଠ,
ᠭ ࠭  襩      室   孥
 .  ⠫ ਭ樯  ᯮ짮   ᬥ  ०
.
.

                            - 6 -


                          2. 

       (Editor)   -     祭       ணࠬ,
ᯮᮡ ⢨ 祫  ஬:  ,
 䨪樨  ४஢. ,   ࠥ  ,
筮     ࠭.  ⥪  ⮩ 
  ஢    ।஢.    CS/5     CS/8
(५      ࠢ    ZX  Spectrum+)  ।
    ࠢ    ।㥬  ப    ࠭
ଠ樨.  ࠭ ᨬ 㦨  CS/0  ("Delete"  
ZX  Spectrum+).    ࠥ ,  ᯮ   ।⢥
।  ஬,     ⮬  祢 ᫮ BASIC ࠪ   
⤥ .
      ६  ணࠬ  ⨢ ४⨢ । 
   (᫥   祢 ᫮,  , THEN   
..)  ᠬ    ०    (  K,  L  C),  ॣ
짮⥫  砩 訡.  ᫨ -  ⠪ 訡
ᤥ ᯥ樠쭮,     "", ⠢,   ਬ,
稥  祭 ० K,   ⥬ 㤠 .   
  ,  筮,    ᫥  ⭮⥩   
訡筮 ப  ணࠬ.
       ।஢,    ப       ।
ணࠬ  ப  ᨣ  襩  "Enter".  
᭮  ஢  ᨭ⠪   (..   ᮣᨥ     ࠢ
㯮ॡ 몠 BASIC).  砥 室  ⭮  
    騩    .       
⥫쭮 , 祬 訡,  ਬ,  ⢨   
몠 ᪮.   ᫮  ࠦ Spectrum      ﭨ
। , 㤠   뫮   ⠢    ᨣ  
訡 ⮫쪮   ࠦ.
       ⨥    ப  ஬      ࠭    
ࠢ쭮  ,  ᮣ  ﬨ .
       ਭ㤨    訡筮 (
᫥ ᨭ⠪ BASIC,    ணࠬ)  ᫥⥫쭮
.    稬,    砥,     ᮥ  ZX
䥩 1   ⮢ ࠢ ணࠬ  
      ⨯  Microdrive,  ⠪      
ॡ  ⮣ ᯥ᪨ .
     ᫨   ४㥬   ࠧ饭 ஫   ᨬ,
६頥   ᥡ  ࠭  筮 (祧,
㯠).    ⮨  -  ⮣  ࠨ.     
㤠 ⠪    ⥫ , 
室 㡨  ⤥쭮 -    ᨬ  (஫)  筮
         Spectrum, 㦤  ᢥ稢
    32,  뢮    ⥫   ,
᫨  ᬮ ஢  .
     ⮡  ࠢ  㦥       ப  ணࠬ,
室 砫 ᪮஢       ࠭.    ⮩
楫 ६頥  㪠⥫ ⥪饩  ப (  > )     
蠬 CS/6  CS/7 ( ZX   Spectrum+ ५   ).  
  ணࠬ  ॥ 짮 樥  LIST N.
  ᫮,  襥, 祬  㦭 ப, ᫨
 㢥७,     ணࠬ   ப   ⠪ ஬,   ⮡
砩   㦭 ப. ᫥  "Enter" 㪠⥫


                            - 7 -

㤥 ⠭  ࢮ  ப  ஬  , 
᫥, ᫨     ணࠬ.  ⥫ ( >  )  ᫥
⠪  ।       ६  ,     ᫥
 CS/1 ("Edit"  Spectrum+)  ப 㤥 ᪮஢
 ࠡ祥  ।.
     ⨥  "Enter"  ⮩   ࠭  ਢ
  ᢥ稢  ࠣ  ணࠬ,  饣 ⥪  ப
(⬥祭 㪠⥫ ">"). ⭮    
.  砫          ࠭  㤥    ⮬᪨
,     ⥯     㤥  ॠ஢   
, ᨣ  饥 ७  ⢨ﬨ 祫.
᫥  22 ப     ⠭  ⥫쭮
१.  ⠭  ᢥ稢 ᫥騥 ᨬ,      
,        ⨥  ॠ  
砭. , ᬮ  ,    ਬ    ,
   ६.     ᮯ⨢  ,   
ᮮ⢥騥  ⥬  ६.      CS/1   ("Edit")
  ⠪ ࠧ  㤠 ᥩ   ࠭.

.

                            - 8 -


                           3. BASIC

      ⮬ ࠧ ⪮ ।⠢ 䠢 祭  㭪権
  몠 ZX-BASIC.  ⮨ ᬮ  ⥬,  
  , ⠪   ਢ  ଠ, ய饭 
ਣ 樨  ᯫ樨.
      筥 ᯮ ᫥騥 祭:

        @       - 筠 ;
        V       - ६  ⨯;
        X,Y,Z   - ᫥ ࠦ  ⢨⥫묨
                  祭ﬨ;
        K,M,N   - ᫥ ࠦ  祭ﬨ, -
                  ⮬᪨ 㣫塞묨 訬
                  楫묨 ᫠;
        E       - ᫥ ࠦ  ப;
        F       - ப;
        S       - ᫥⥫쭮 , ⤥
                    㣠 稥;
        C       - ᫥⥫쭮 権, ।
                  梥  ᯮᮡ ᢥ稢 (INK, PAPER,
                  BRIGHT, FLASH, OVER, INVERSE), ⤥塞
                  묨  窠  ⮩.

     , 饭     ᪮ (  [ ]  )    
㯮ॡ, ਬ, LOAD F  CODE [M[,N]] 砥,    묨
 :

        LOAD F CODE
        LOAD F CODE M
        LOAD F CODE M,N

      ⮬ 砥 Spectrum 筮  ய饭  ࠬ
祭ﬨ, ⥪騬  ⥪,  襬 砥 - ⠭묨 
⭮ .  @[Z] 砥   @Z  @, ..  ᪠
ᯮ짮  ᫮ ६, ⠪  ⥪⮢.
     Spectrum          ᪠ ᯮ짮  
⢥ ࠬ஢  ࠦ, ॡ  ⥫ ⮢.
࠭祭 ࠣ    ⨬   祭 뢠
१⮢      ⨯.  ࠦ  ⨯  K,M,N      
१   ⢨⥫ ᫠,  訥 65535   (2**16-1),
    㣫  訬  楫묨  ᫠.   
襣 ᫠ ᨣ  訡 ᮮ饭 B (Integer out
of range).

                    3.1  ணࠬ

     ணࠬ    BASIC  -    ᫥⥫쭮   権,
ࠧ  ப.   ப 稭  ᢮  ,
  ࠫ쭮   ᫠       1-9999.   ஭㬥஢
       ᫥⥫쭮,    
⮬᪨ 㯮冷祭    ⠭   ஢. 易⥫쭮
㬥஢   ,     ਬ,    1,2,3,...,     ⠪    ⨫
ணࠬ஢  ४.    짮  ࠬ


                            - 9 -

१ 10,  .. 10,20,30,...,     ⠢    ப
 묨.
       ப   㦥 騬 ஬ 뢠  
ன  ᨨ  ⮩  ப.   ᪠  ࠧ饭     ⥪
ணࠬ ப, ᮤঠ    ப  楫  㠫쭮
뤥 ࠣ⮢ ணࠬ.
       ணࠬ    ⥫쭮   
࠭  ப  (32  ),        ᮤঠ   127
権.         ⤥ 稥.
  ﬨ    ப    ࠧ    ⢮
஡  楫 襭 ⠡쭮 ணࠬ.
     ⨥ "Enter" 蠥  ப.  ஢  
ᨭ⠪  ,  ᫨    稭     ,  砥     
 ணࠬ, ⠢   ॡ㥬 ,  ᫨ 
饭,  㯠    믮   
᫥⥫쭮 .

                        3.2  

     ZX-BASIC    ।⢥  ஢  ᫠   
⥪⠬. ᫠  뢠     :

        - 楫᫥, ਬ 0, +17, -12, 13;
        - ஡, ਬ +31.169, 3303.76, -.45;
        - ⥫쭮, ਬ 7.32E-7 砥 ᫮
          7.32*10**-7.

     ᨬ쭮 祭 ⢨⥫쭮 ᫠   ॢ
1.7E38. ᫠ ࠭  筮  9-10  . ஡ 
।   ᫠   ᪠. Spectrum    ᢥ稢
᫠ ॡ ᨬ쭮 14   . 祭, ॡ騥  
 8 , 뢮 筮, ⠫ -  ⥫쭮 ଥ.
     㣨 ⨯   ZX-BASIC   ⥪⮢   ⠭,
뢠 ⠪ 楯窠 (ப).   ᫥⥫쭮
 (ᨬ     0  255), ࠧ饭   窠. 
⥪⮢ ⠭  ⠪  ஫  (ࠢ騥)
ᨬ,     祢   ᫮           ᨬ,    
⢮    ZX  Spectrum.    ⥪⮢ ⠭ - 
᫮ ᮤঠ    ᨬ,   ᫮  , 室
 ᢥ稢 ⠭    ࠭.   ᫮ ࠭祭  
ࠧ஬  ⨬  .  ᪠  ⥪   0,  ..
.
      ६  ஢ ⥪  設⢮ ᨬ   
  ।⢥      ,         
ॡ ⥫ ᨫ. ⮡   ⥪  ,
室       . ᠫ  ᯮᮡ
⠢    ⥪⮢  ப  ᨬ,    ⢮   ZX
Spectrum,    ᯮ짮 䠢⭮-஢   ࠦ 
㭪樨 CHR$.  ਬ,   ""+CHR$13+"⥪"    
१ ⥪:

        
        ⥪
     ZX-BASIC   ᪨   ६.  ஫  ᯮ
᫠. 祭,  ⫨騥  0,     ⨭,


                            - 10 -

ࠢ 0 - . ⮬ ⮢ ᪨ ࠦ 
᫠ 0  1.
     ஬ ⠭  ZX-BASIC ᪠  ᯮ짮 ᫮   
⥪⮢ ६.  㦠  ࠭   
⠭ ।  ⨯. ६   ,
  ᢠ ணࠬ.
     ६,  ࠭騥  ᫮    楯 ,  뢠
묨 ६묨.  ஬      ⠪ ਬ    ⠪
뢠  ⠡  ६  (ᨢ),       
 樥 DIM. ᪠  ᫮ ᨢ, ⠪  
. ⮬ ᫮ ⠡  ᫮,     -
 ᨬ     0  255.    ᨢ
 ᯮ짮   䠢⭮-஢  ६ ﭭ
, । ᫥ ᮬ (ࠧ୮)   樨
 ᨢ.  ᫮ ࠧ୮⥩   ࠭祭 255.    
 ॢ 祭  65535.   ࠪ⨪   祭  
  ⥫쭮    -  ⨬  ࠧ஢  .   
 ᨢ  ⮫쪮  ࠭ .  
࠭  ᥣ ਭ 1.

                           3.3 

       㤮 ZX-BASIC - ࠭祭  । 
ᯮ㥬 ६. 쪮   ᫮ ६  
    ᫥⥫쭮  㪢,      ஡.  
ᨬ    .
      ⠫ ६    㪢  , 
⮬ ᫥  ࠢ騥 横 ६ (FOR...NEXT).
     ⮢  ६   ⫨     ᫮     $,
ࠧ饭 ᫥  .    ⠪ ᠥ    㭪権,
।  짮⥫      ४⨢  DEF  FN    
㬥⮢.
         ணࠬ  ᯮ짮  , ⠪
 訥 . Spectrum ⮬᪨  訥  
.    ஡.
     ࠭祭  ᯮ짮       筮   
  ᯮ짮      ⮩         
६  ࠧ  ⨯.  ⢥  ॡ    ⮬:
⥪⮢ ६      ⥬  ᨬ,   
 ᨢ. ਬ,  A  ணࠬ  :
        A                   - ᫮  ࠢ ६;
        A$  A$(I,J)      - ⥪⮢ ६  
                              ᨢ;
        A(I)                - ᫮ ᨢ;
        FN A...             - 㭪  ᫮ 祭;
        FN A$...            - 㭪  ⥪⮢ 祭;
        DEF FN A$(A,A$,...) - ࠬ  । 㭪樨.
   ਢ  筮 ⮫  .

                         3.4 ࠦ

     ࠦ    ZX_BASIC      ﭭ,  ६,
஢, 㭪権,  ⠪ ᪮. ᫥⥫쭮  믮
⢨    ࠦ  ।  㣫  ᪮     ਮ
⤥ 権.   ᬮ७    ⨬    ZX_BASIC


                            - 11 -

樨  ᫥⥫쭮  ਮ⮢.

               3.4.1 뤥 ࠣ ⥪

           믮    楯窠,   ⥪⮢묨
६묨,  ⠪ 묨 ᨢ.  楯祪   ६
ࠬ, ।騥  ࠣ,  뢠 
㣫  ᪮,    ᨢ       ࠧ     
᫥  ,    ⢨,  ⤥   ᪮,
筮      ६.      ࠬ      
।⠢:

                - ⢮,   ࣠;
       (K)      - 䬥᪮ ࠦ, १  -  
                  ᨬ, 室騩  K- 樨 ⥪;
       (K to N) - 䬥᪮ ࠦ  祢 ᫮  "to",
                  १ -  ࠣ ⥪,  騩 ᨬ
                   K-  N- ⥫쭮. ᫨ K>M>0, १-
                   -   楯窠,  ᫨  ⥪  M   -
                  ᨣ 訡.

ਬ,  믮 ணࠬ:
10 LET A$=""
20 DIM B$(2,3)
30 LET B$(1)="ARS"
40 LET B$(2)="XYZ"
砥:
A$=A$()=A$(to)=A$(1 to 5)="TEK"
A$(1)=A$(to 1)=A$(1 to 1)=""
A$(3 to 3)=A$(3)=A$(5-2)=""
A$(to 2)=A$(1 to 2)=""
A$(3 to)=A$(3 to 5)=""
A$(2 to 4)=""
B$(1)=B$(1,)=B$(1)()=B$(1)(to)=B$(1,to)=B$(1,1 to 3)=
=B$(1)(1 to 3)="ABS"
B$(2,2)=B$(2)(2)=B$(2,2 to 2)=B$(2)(2 to 2)="Y"

      㣨  BASIC  ஫ 믮 㭪樨:

        LEFT(A$,N)   = A$(to N)
        RIGHT(A$,N)  = A$(N to)
        MID(A$,K,M)  = A$(K to M)
        TL(A$)       = A$(2 to)

                3.4.2   ⥯ (^)

     㬥⠬   樨          ⥯    
⢥  ᫠.  ᭮  ᥣ     ⥫
᫮.  ,   A^B 뢠   EXP(B*LN(A)),
⮬ A^2 㤥  , 祬 A*A.

                3.4.3    ᫠ (-)

     㬥⮬ ⮩ 樨 ᥣ  ᫮, १⮬  -
  ᫮  ⨢ .    ᫠  ᫥


                            - 12 -

⫨  砥 ⥬   樨 ⠭.  ᮪
ਮ   ⮩    樨          A*-B,    
  A*(-B).      BASIC  㯮ॡ
  ஢  ᪠.

                3.4.4    (*,/)

           䬥᪨  믮    ⮩   
᫥⥫쭮,            ࠦ.   
㬭  ᪠  .     믮   ஬
॥, 祬 , ᫥⥫쭮,   A*.5, 祬 A/2.

               3.4.5   ⠭ (+,-)

       ᫮  㬥⮢    ᨬ    ᫮  
⠭.  樨   ਮ  믮  
浪 । .
       ਬ    ⥪⮢ ⠭⠬   ६  
⥪,  ᪫뢠   ᨬ ࢮ ,    
 , ᨬ ண.   ⫨稥  ᫮  ᥫ ᢮⢮
⠭   믮.

            3.4.6  ⭮襭 (=,<,>,<=,>=,<>)

      㬥 樨 ࠢ    ⨯.   
   ਮ    ⭮襭:  ࠢ,  ,
,   ࠢ,    ࠢ,   ࠢ. ⮬
  ᫮  1,  ᫨  ⭮襭  ᮡ    0, ᫨  .
  ஢ન    ⭮襭        ᯮ짮    
䬥᪨ ࠦ   ᫠.
      ਬ,  ࠧ६ ᫥  ஡:     ணࠬ
᫮ ᨢ B,   樥 DIM  B(100). 室
।, ᪮쪮 ⮢ ⮣  ᨢ  7.   ᥣ
⮣   :

   LET X=0: FOR I=1 TO 100: LET X=X+(B(I)>7): NEXT I

᫥ 믮    ६ X 㤥 ᮤঠ  ᪮
᫮.
            ਬ     ⥪⮢ ६   
⠭⠬.          믮     樨     ࠢ
᫥⥫쭮   ᨬ    ।    ᨪ᪨
浪, 訩     ⮣ ⥪.  ࠢ  ।
ᨬ    ᨬ,      ࢮ  ,      ஬   
᫥⥫쭮 ⫨.  訩  ਭ  ⥪, 
஬   ⫨騩 ᨬ   訩  .  ਬ,
⨭ ᫥騥 ⭮襭:

        ""<"TEKST"<"TZ"<"TZ0"

               3.4.7 ᪮ 栭 (NOT)

          ᪮    栭  祭   ᫮
ࠦ, 饣   㬥⮬, ஥ ᬠਢ  
᪠ 稭.


                            - 13 -


                [ 0, ᫨ X<>0
      NOT X =  <
                [ 1, ᫨ X=0
,    ᪨  ࠦ  ⨯  (A>B)OR(C=D)   
ࠪ  ᫮ ࠦ.

                  3.4.8 ᪮ "" (AND)

     ᪮ ""  -    㬥⭠ .    쬠
  ,  ਬ  ன  室     ࠬ
 ᪨ ࠦ.   ࠭ 樨  AND 
    ᫮,  ⠪    䠢⭮-஢ ࠦ,  
  ⮫쪮 ᫮.   । ᪮  ""
   ZX-BASIC:

                [ X, ᫨ Y<>0
    X AND Y =  <
                [ 0, ᫨ Y=0


                [ F, ᫨ Y<>0
    F AND Y =  <
                [ "", ᫨ Y=0
।    ࠭   易  ⥬, 
 ਢ몫   ᪨  "". ⨬  ,    ᫨
 AND 㤥 室   ᪨  ࠦﬨ,
  १⮬  㤥 1 ⮣    ⮫쪮 ⮣,     
ࠦ  ⨭.  ⮨⢠  ⠪  । 樨  AND
   ਬ.  ⨬,  ६ MAXIMUM   
⨬ ᢮ 祭 ᨬ쭮   ᥫ A  B.    ⮣
筮  樨:
        LET MAXIMUM=(A AND A>B)+(B AND A<=B)
    ⮬  ࠦ  易⥫   ᮪  ਮ
樨 +.
         來  १    , ࠡ  
⥪⠬. ᫥ ணࠬ ᯮ  짮⥫   
:
        10 PRINT " ᢮ ";A$
        20 PRINT "ਢ "+("" AND A$(LEN A$)="")
  ᯮ  樥  ""  ⠪  ⨯,  室  뫮  
⭮ ᯮ짮 樨 IF...THEN,  ⠪ GO TO...

                3.4.9 ᪮ ᫮ (OR)

      OR  -    㬥⭠ .    㬥
     ᫮묨  ࠦﬨ.    ⢨  ⮩   樨
᫥饥:
                [ 1, ᫨ Y<>0
     X OR Y =  <
                [ X, ᫨ Y=0
ਬ OR  ᪨  ࠦ ⥫쭮 ०, 祬  AND.
ਬ, , 뢠 ᨬ   ᥫ,  
  ᫥饩 ଥ: LET MAXIMUM=A*(0 OR A>B)+B*(0 OR A<=B).



                            - 14 -

                          3.5 㭪樨

     ZX-BASIC ᮤন  ⠭ 㭪権  ⥬᪨
⮢, 権  묨 ᫥⥫쭮ﬨ,  ⠪  
 ࠭  .    ᪫祭 㭪権 ATTR, POINT  
SCREEN$  㬥,    騥   ⠭⠬       묨
६묨 (묨   ᨢ),    ॡ    
᪮.

ABS X            - ᮫⭠ 稭 ᫠.

ACS X            - પᨭ; ᫨  X    ⭮    
                   <-1,1>,   ᨣ   訡   A  (Invalid
                   argument).  祭   㭪樨    ࠦ   
                   ࠤ.

ASN X            - ᨭ. ࠭祭  ᯮ짮 ⠪ ,
                         ACS.  祭  㭪樨 ࠦ  
                   ࠤ.

ATN X            - ⠭.   祭   㭪樨   ࠦ  
                   ࠤ.

ATTR(K,M)        -    ਡ⮢     K-   ப     M-
                   . ᮡ  ஢ ਡ⮢  ᠭ 
                   ࠧ "ᯮ짮  ". ᫨  ࠬ
                    室     0<=K<23    0<=M<32,
                   ᨣ 訡 B (Integer out of range).

BIN              - ८ࠧ   筮   ᫠      
                   (ᨬ쭮 16 )  筮 (  ࠭),
                     , ਭ  ZX Spectrum ( ).
                   ZX-BASIC         㭪樨,  ⢫饩
                   ⭮  ८ࠧ  筮  ᫠   
                   筮.

CHR$ K           -   ᫠      ᮮ⢥騥     ᨬ
                   ASCII    ࠢ騩  ᨬ,  ᫨     K  
                   ⭮    <0, 255>, ᨣ
                   訡 B.

CODE F           -   ᨬ  ASCII    ᫮.   㬥⮬
                      䠢⭮-஢ ࠦ,  
                   祭 㭪樨     ࢮ ᨬ
                   ⮣ ࠦ  0,   ᫨ 㬥 -  
                   楯窠.

COS X            - ᨭ.   㬥         ࠦ  
                   ࠤ.

EXP X            - ⥫쭠 㭪 E**X.

IN K             -     ﭨ            -뢮
                   .   ⢥      
                   ᥬ  Z80:  LD BC,K,   ⠪ IN


                            - 15 -

                   A,(C). 祭 㭪樨 IN  楫 ᫮
                          <0,255>.        ⢥
                   , ਬ ன  ਢ  
                   ⮬,   ணࠬ  㤥 믮 
                   㣨  ZX Spectrum. ਬ IN  
                   ⥭  :     ࠧ
                     㯯     ઠ ⭮
                    । :
                                     
                                       ()  (16-)
                       CS    ... V        65276        FEFE
                       A     ... G        65022        F0FE
                       Q     ... T        64510        F8FE
                       1     ... 5        63486        F7FE
                       0     ... 6        61438        EFFE
                       P     ... Y        57342        CFFE
                       Enter ... H        49150        8FFE
                       Space ... B        32766        7FFE

                          ⮢            
                   ᨣ,    (  0-,
                   1-⦠). 㤭   ६  訬
                   ⠬.  ᨨ 1   (ᠬ ன) ZX  Spectrum
                    ᥣ ࠢ 1. ⥫쭮, IN  64510=255
                   砥 ᢮      Q   T.  
                   ᨨ  2  ⮩    ࠢ  0     ᠭ
                   樨  IN  64510=191.    ᨨ 3  ﭨ
                   ⮣      ।       室
                   ⥫ 樨,  ਬ: LET  P=IN K:
                   LET  P=P-32*INT(P/32).  ⥭      
                      IN        ᯮ
                   ᪮쪨 ६  .

INKEY$           - ⥭ .  祭  㭪樨  
                     ⮩  .    ⠥  
                   ० L  . ᫨  ᪮쪮   
                      ,    祭 INKEY$  㤥
                     楯窠.    㭪     
                   .

INT X            - 楫      ᫠.    ⢨⥫쭮   ᫮
                   㣫  襣 楫  ॢ饣
                   X. ਬ, INT 3.1=INT 3.8=3, INT -5.1=-6.

LEN F            -  楯窨 .

LN X             - ࠫ . ᫨ X<=0, ᨣ
                   訡 A.

PEEK K           - ᮤন 祩   ᮬ K.

PI               - 祭 ﭭ 3.14159265.

POINT (K,M)      - ஢ ﭨ  窨  ࠭.   㭪
                     祭  1,  ᫨  窠    ࠭   


                            - 16 -

                   न⠬ (K,M)  梥 ୨  (뢥)
                     0,   ᫨     梥  䮭.   㦨
                   뢥 窨   ᫨ 梥 䮭  
                   梥 ୨.   न    室 
                    0<=K<=255, 0<=M<=175.

RND              -    ᥢ砩   ᥫ.   ।
                   祭  ࠢ  SEED/65536,     SEED   -
                   塠⮢  ⥬  ६     ᮬ
                   23671=#5C76.    ࠧ    맮  RND   
                         ᮮ⢥⢨     㫮:
                   SEED=((SEED+1)*75MOD65537)-1.       ࠧ
                      ᫥⥫쭮      ।
                   65536. ६ SEED    砫쭮
                   祭 樥 RANDOMIZE K.

SCREEN$ (K,M)    - ᯮ    ࠭.      㭪   
                   ᭮  । ᨬ, 뢥 
                   ࠭  祭 K-   ப  M-  .
                   ᯮ ⮫쪮 ᨬ      32  
                   127.  砥   ᯮ   祭
                   㭪樨  ⮩ ⥪. न 
                      0<=K<=23  0<=M<=31.

SGN X            -  ᫠.  祭  㭪樨    ᫠
                   -1,0,1  ᨬ   㬥.

SIN X            - ᨭ. 㬥   ࠦ  ࠤ.

SQR X            -     ७.   祭  㬥  X<0
                   ᨣ ᮮ饭 A.

STR$ X           -  ᫠    楯  .    㭪
                     筮   ।⠢    ᫠   
                   ᨬ쭮, ஥     ।⠢ 
                   ࠭.

TAN X            - ⠭. 㬥   ࠦ  ࠤ
                    ⫨  (PI/2)*N.

USR              - ࠡ ⮩ 㭪樨    ⨯  㬥.
                    맮  ᫮ 㬥⮬ (USR K)  ਢ
                    ⢨ 設       K. ᫥  
                   믮   ࠢ BASIC 祭
                   㭪樨   ᮤন   ॣ஢ BC.
                   맮 㭪樨   ⥪⮢ ࠦ (USR   F),
                    F ᮤন  (  )  "A"
                    "U" ⥫쭮. 祭 㭪樨  
                      UDG,  ண ࠭ 8 ,
                   ।        ᪮     ᨬ,
                   ।  짮⥫    砥   
                   ० G ⥬    ᮮ⢥饩
                   ன.

VAL F            - 뢠   祭   ᫮   ࠦ,


                            - 17 -

                   ।⠢     ᨬ쭮  ଥ.   쬠
                    㭪   ࠧࠧ묨   ਫﬨ.
                   ᫨ ࠦ F   ।⠢ ୮   (
                   BASIC)  ᫮   ࠦ,   ᨣ
                   訡  C.    室       
                   㣨 訡, 騥   ࠦ.

VAL$ F           - ।   祭   ⥪⮢    ࠦ,
                   ।⠢    ᨬ쭮  ଥ.   
                   ਬ  ,  祬    VAL.  㤭  
                   樨,      ਬ  室,
                   ஬ 뢮   ⥪⮢ ६    ,
                   ࠭ 묨    ।塞묨 ⮫쪮  
                     믮  ணࠬ.  ⨬,  
                   祭  ६   A$       ,
                   ।  䠢⭮-஢  ६.
                     ᯮ  ⮩   㭪樥,       
                   ⥫ 㤭   ᯥ⪥  祭
                   ⮩ ६. PRINT VAL $(A$+"$").
      ᮦ,   㭪樨 믮    ᮮ⢥⢨
 ᫠  ஢    ZX-BASIC.   ࠧ  "訡
⥬"   ਢ    筮   믮  㭪権
SCREEN$, STR$, USR.


                            - 18 -

                    3.6 樨 ZX-BASIC

   ZX-BASIC ।⠢     ᯮ殮 50 権.  
      饭    ணࠬ    믮 ࠧ  
ਪ, ⤠  .

BEEP X,Y         -   ஢  㪨.   0.5<=X<=10.5 -
                   ६ 砭  ᥪ㭤. -60<=Y<=69.8 - 
                   ⮭.  祭  Y=0 ᮮ⢥ ""  ।
                   ⠢.      Y    ᮮ⢥
                   ਡ⥫쭮   ६    ⠢.    室    
                   ⨬       祭        ᨣ
                   ᮮ饭  B.       ६  樨  ⮭ 
                   ஫  "BREAK",   裡    祬
                   뢠 ணࠬ    襭
                   ⮩ 樨.

BORDER K         -    梥 ࠬ ()  -
                    ⥫.   0<=K<=7  -  砥    
                   ࠭    梥.     室         ।
                   ᨣ ᮮ饭 B.  BORDER  K
                   ⠭ ⠪  梥 䮭      
                   ࠭, ।祭  ⥬  ᮮ饭
                      樥 INPUT.

BRIGHT K         - ⥭ 䮭 K=0  -  ଠ,  K=1  -  ન.
                   K=8 - 뢠    㦥 ।  
                    ࠭ ⥭. BRIGHT K  㯠  
                   ᠬ⥫쭠      ⠢ PRINT
                    INPUT,      ⮬ 砥  ⮫쪮  
                   ६ 믮   樨.  ஢ਬ
                       CHR$  19 +  CHR$ K.    ᨬ
                         ⥪ ணࠬ,  ⠪    
                   ⥪⮢  ⠭,        ७
                   ०  (  )    8   BRIGHT 0  
                    9  BRIGHT 1.

CAT...           -         ᯮ짮   
                   祭 ZX 䥩ᮬ 1.

CIRCLE [C,],K,M,N
                 - 뢮  㦭  ࠤ  N   業஬  窥
                   (K,M)  梥 C.  ᫨ C 饭,   ਭ
                   INK 8,  PAPER 8,  BRIGHT 8,  FLASH 8. ⨬
                   祭   ࠬ஢:   0<=K<=255,   0<=M<=175.
                   ⪠ ᮢ 㦭  । ࠭
                   뢠 訡 B.

CLEAR [K]        - 頥  ६,  ᢮  
                     ,  ࠥ   ࠭    ⥪   ᮢ
                       ணࠬ,  믮 
                   RESTORE,       㪠⥫,   ।騥
                   न        権.
                   ᫨    ࠬ  K,    祭   㤥
                   ਭ      RAMTOP.   K     
                   ।  23821   ...  65535,      


                            - 19 -

                   ᮮ饭 M  (RAMTOP NO   GOOD). ᫨    
                    㦥    ணࠬ,    K   
                   ᮮ⢥⢥ . 誮   祭
                   RAMTOP     ᤥ    믮
                   ணࠬ    .

CLOSE #K         -   ⪫砥 K- ⮪   ਯᠭ
                    .   K  ਭ 祭  
                   0  15,  ࠪ⨪ ⪠ ⪫祭  ⮪
                    0   3  ⥬ .  .  ࠧ
                   "  ⮪"  "訡 ⥬".

CLS              - 頥 ࠭      ࠭   㪠⥫
                   権      䨪.  ᫥  ࠭
                   ࠭ ਮ⠥ 梥, ।  ᫥
                   ﬨ PAPER  BRIGHT.

CONTINUE         -       த ணࠬ
                   ᫥ ⠭.   ᫨ 뢠   㯨 
                   १ 訡, ᨣ㥬  9  L, 
                   ᫥  CONTINUE   㤥    ७   ᫥
                   믮 ,     ⠫  
                   㤥   믮   ᫥   .  
                     ࠢ        
                   訡     த  ࠡ.    
                   ਬ    ४⨢,          
                   .    CONTINUE    ணࠬ
                    ᤥ ᯥ樠쭮,   ⠪         ࠡ
                            ⥪饣  祭   ⥬
                   ६  OLDPPC    OSPPC.    ,       ᢮
                   ।,           ⥬      
                   ᫥      ࠢ       ﭨ
                     㤭⥫쭮,  ᮡ     ६
                   ஢ ணࠬ.

COPY             - ᫨  Spectrum 祭 ਭ,      ⮩
                    ᮤন 22 孨 ப ࠭ 㤥
                   ᪮஢    㬠  (    ⮫쪮
                   ⥪,    㭪).  ⢨   ਭ
                      . Spectrum ᠬ
                   ।,  祭    ਭ.     ६
                   뢮   ७    ⠩   ⠭,
                   ⥬  ६  FRAMES      ६  
                   .

DATA E1, E2      -  ࠧ   ⥪  ணࠬ  ᯨ᪨
                   .      ᯨ᪥      ࠧ   
                   ࠦ:

           100 DATA SIN X + COS Y + 1,"祭"+("."
                       AND Z>0) + ("." AND Z<0)
                   110 READ Z, Z$

                   ६ Z ਬ 祭 SIN X + COS Y +  1,
                   ⠭    ⥪   祭  X     Y.


                            - 20 -

                   ६ Z$ 㤥 ᮤঠ 楯  "祭
                   ."  "祭 .",  ᨬ  
                   ⠭ Z.  ᫥   
                   DATA    ,  ⠪    Spectrum   ᫥
                   ஢ન ᨭ⠪      㤥   .  
                   ணࠬ     ⢮     ᫮
                   権 DATA      ࠧ    
                   .

DEF FN @[$] ([@1[$], @2[$],...,@N[$]])=E
                 - ।   㭪樨   짮⥫.    
                   㭪樨   ⮫쪮  , ,
                      $.   ᯮ짮 ।  ⨯
                   㭪樨      ⥪⮢.    ᫥       
                   易⥫  ᪮        ᯨ᮪
                   㬥⮢, ࠧ   묨.  ᪠
                   ।   㬥    㭪権.   
                   㬥⮢   묨  (,
                     $).  ࠭祭  ᫮  㬥⮢:
                   52 (26 ᫮  26 䠢⭮-஢).  ᫥
                    ᪮ ᯨ᪠  ࠬ஢    "="
                   ᫥ । 㭪樨.    
                   ࠦ ᮮ⢥饣  ⨯, 饥   
                   ﭭ, ६, 㬥⮢,  ⠭
                   㭪権   㭪権, ।  ணࠬ⮬.
                      ४ᨢ 맮  楤,
                    ᢥ, ⠪  ।⢥. Spectrum 
                   ᯮ  . ᫥  
                    ᮮ饭 (1  6)     
                    ⥬.  DEF FN   ᫠
                     .      
                   뢠  㭪樨,   騥       ணࠬ.
                   饭 ।  㭪樨    맮   
                      祭.       砥    ⭮
                   ।     ⥪  ணࠬ   㭪権   
                   묨         ⨯   騬
                   । 㤥 , ࠧ饭   ப
                    訬 ஬.  ⨬ ,    
                   ।   㭪樨      㯠  
                   ६,  ᯮ㥬       㣨   
                   ணࠬ.    ⢥, ६,   騥
                   ,   ࠬ஢,  ⠭
                    㭪樨 묨,      㯠
                   祭 ࠬ஢ 㭪樨.

DIM @[$] (K1, K2,...,KJ)
                 -  ᨢ.     १ࢨ  
                          ᫮     ⥪⮢
                   ᨢ. ୮  ᨢ ࠭祭  ᫮
                   255.  ।          孨
                   ࠭,  ࠭楩  ᥣ 
                   1. ਪ ࠥ   騩 ᨢ 
                   ⠪       ⮣     ⨯.   祭,
                   ।騥 ࠧ୮,    
                      믮     樨    DIM,    


                            - 21 -

                   易⥫쭮         ᪠  ணࠬ.
                   ᫮   ᨢ            ।
                   ⮬᪨  ﬨ,  ⥪⮢ -
                   ஡. ⠬  ᨢ 
                     ᨬ.         ᨢ   
                   ࠪ⮢     ᨢ     ⥪⮢
                   ६   ࠭  .
                     ⠭ ᫥  ࠬ஬,
                   ।騬 ᨢ.   ᨢ 
                       ᯨ     ⥪⮢   ६
                   ᫥  ᪠ ᫥ . ᫨ 
                   ணࠬ  DIM A$(10): DIM B$(5,20), 
                   A$=A$()  䠢⭮-஢ ६ 
                     10,     B$(I)=B$(I,)      
                   ६묨    20. ᫨ LET  A$="ARA", 
                    A$ ⮦  10 ᨬ, 墠騥  ᨬ
                   ⮬᪨  ஡.

DRAW [C,]K,M[,X] -    ᮢ १ 
                   (X  ᪠     =0)     ࠣ⮢   㣨
                   㦭  業ࠫ  㣫 X, ࠦ  
                   ࠤ.  砫  㭪    ᫥
                   窠   ᪮   樨   (PLOT,  DRAW,
                   CIRCLE)  -   (Xold,Yold),     殬  -   窠
                   (Xold+K,Yold+M).  ᫨  X>0,    㣠  
                   ⨢ ᮢ ५,   X<0 -   ᮢ.
                      ᮢ㥬    ஢    믮
                   ᫥ :

                   PLOT 55,27:DRAW OVER 1,120,120,59^3*PI

ERASE ...        -       ⮫쪮     稨   ZX
                   䥩 1.

FLASH K          - 祭 栭 . K=0  -     栭,
                   K=1 -  栭  K=8 - 砥,  
                      ⠢ . FLASH
                      ᠬ⥫쭠       ।
                   ᯮᮡ ᢥ稢  । ᥩ   ணࠬ,
                   饭   ᯨ᮪ PRINT  INPUT ⮫쪮 
                   ६ 믮  樨.

FOR @=X TO Y [STEP Z]
                 - : 믮  @  X  Y  蠣 Z (Z>0 -
                   㢥祭,  Z<0  -  㬥襭).     横
                   㪠뢠    NEXT  @.  樨
                   FOR    ᮧ  ࠢ饩  ६
                   (᫥  㭨⮦        ᫮   
                   ࠢ ६   ⥬   ).   
                   ६            ।⠢,
                   ⫨筮    ᫮   ६,  ஬   
                   祭 ࠭ ⠪  Y   Z,   ⠪  
                   ப   樨   FOR.   ᫥  ନ஢
                   ६ ஫:     横  
                   믮    ࠧ.  ᫨ ,    ࠢ


                            - 22 -

                   । ᫥饩    FOR 樥,  ᫨
                   ,  ᫥饩  NEXT @ . ᫨ NEXT @
                   ,  뢮 ᮮ饭 1. ᫨ STEP 饭,
                    Z=1. ᬮ   ,   ZX-BASIC ଠ쭮
                    ⫨砥 ᥫ  饩 ⮩   楫,
                    楫 X,Y,Z  ࠡ⪠ 横 ᪮   
                   20%.

FORMAT ...       -    믮  ⮫쪮   稨 ZX
                   䥩 1.

GOSUB K          - 맮 ணࠬ.   ࠧ頥  ᯥ-
                   樠쭮 ⥪ ᢮  ᮡ⢥ ,   ⥬
                   । ࠢ  ப   ஬ K  (
                   ࢮ  襩).    믮  
                   ࢮ    RETURN, ᫥  ன
                     ⥪  ᭨    ᫥  GOSUB 
                   ࠢ । , ᫥饬  .
                   ணࠬ   믮      
                   ᫥⥫쭮         ࠧ  
                   ணࠬ      ⭮ ७. 
                   㡨  맮  ணࠬ  ࠭祭  .
                   ᪠    ४७⭮,    ..     맮
                   楤ன ᠬ ᥡ.

GO TO K          - 室  ப  ஬ K  ᫥饩. ᫨
                     ⠪  ப,    ணࠬ 稢
                   ᮮ饭   0.      ,   ࠭   
                   ,  ᪠   ணࠬ     
                   ப.    ணࠬ      GO TO (
                   ࠢ  RUN)    २⢮,   
                   뢠  祭 ६.

IF X THEN S      - ᫮ . ᫨  祭  ࠦ   X
                   ⫨砥  0, 믮  ᫥⥫쭮
                     S,    ⨢  砥    
                      ப    ய᪠       ࠢ
                   । ᫥饩 ப.

INK K            - । 梥 ।      ࠭.
                     ।  梥 ୨. 祭  K
                    0  7  ।  ࠭ 梥,  8
                   ᨣ  ᮣᨥ    梥 ࠭ 
                      ࠭, 9   ᯮ짮
                       ୮  梥⮢    ᨬ  
                   ⭮ ⠭    梥
                   䮭.      ப  ࠭ ⥬ ᥣ
                   ᯮ   INK   9.         
                   ਬ  ᠬ⥫쭮,  ⠪    ᯨ᪥
                   権 PRINT, INPUT, CIRCLE  ..

INRUT ...        -   ६ 믮 ணࠬ  
                           㪠    ᯨ᪥
                   ६.    ⠪    
                     ࠭.  ࠭  


                            - 23 -

                   ६ . ᫥ 祢 ᫮ INPUT ᫥
                   ᯨ᮪ ⮢, ।,    
                     믮.    ᯨ᪠    
                   ࠧ  묨,   窮     ⮩   
                   䠬.      㪠뢠,      
                   ᤢ    ᫥   ࠭  
                   ⮩  ᠬ ப,  ᫨  ,  
                   砫  ᫥饩   ப.     砥
                   室    ப,   窠   ⮩  
                       .    ᯨ᪠,
                   ।ᬮ७  ⮡ࠦ  ࠭,  
                    ⠭⠬  ࠦﬨ,  祭묨
                     㣫  ᪮.   䨪樨  梥⮢  INK,
                   PAPER, BRIGHT, FLASH,  INVERSE  OVER  
                       梥⮢  䥪.  ६,
                   祭                
                   ,    ᯨ᮪  
                     ࠧ⥫ﬨ.   ᫨    ⨬,   ⮡
                   ணࠬ ⠫      ᨢ
                   A(I,J)  நନ஢ 짮⥫, 祣 
                     , ᯮ㥬 樥:

                   INPUT " 祭  A(";I;",";J;")=";
                   A(I,J).
                     INPUT      ଠ樨  
                   蠥 ⮫쪮 ᫥    ६,
                   㪠   ᯨ᪥.   祭 ६
                     室  ⨥  
                   "Enter". ᫨  ⥪⮢ ६,  
                    "Enter"    祭 맮
                     ६ ஡. 
                    ᫮ ६  ஢  ⨬
                   ᯮᮡ      室     騥
                   ६.    뢠  祭  ᫮
                   ६   ࠭    "L"  
                   "C",        ᫥⥫쭮
                             㦠騬   
                   窠.    砥  室     
                   㤠.         뢠
                   ⥪   祪.  ⮬ 砥 ⥪⮢
                   ६  室       ᯨ᪥   
                   祢 ᫮ LINE.  LINE 㤥 ⭮
                      ६.   ⨬ ᯮ짮
                   ⮣ ᫮    ᫮묨 ६묨.  
                   ६  믮  樨  INPUT   
                   ப  ࠭    砥  室   
                   ।  ,  ᮧ  ᢮ 
                        .    
                   ᨬ쭮   22 ப.  
                      ।.   ⮬ ।
                   ⨥  "Enter"       ࠢ
                    稭.   ᯨ᪥  INPUT ஬  ⮣
                    ࠧ TAB N,  ⠪ AT K,N.  ⢨
                   ࢮ    뢠 ६饭   
                   N-    ⮩     ᫥饩 ப. 


                            - 24 -

                   ᢮  ।  AT  ࠧ    
                   (K,N),    K-m   N- .
                     㤭    맢  䠪,  
                      砫   न   -     (0,0)
                         ७   
                   ࠭.  ᥣ 㪠뢠  孨 㣮
                   ࠡ祩  ।  祭   (K,N)
                   । ⨬. ⪨   
                     22  ப    ᨣ  訡 5.
                   ।  ⨬        ࠦ   ᢮
                   ७ 砭.

INVERSE K        - । ।⥫ 梥⭮. K=0 砥
                   ᢥ稢   梥⮢ 䮭   ୨,  
                   K=1      ⠬.   ਬ 
                   ᠬ⥫쭮, ⠪   ᯨ᪥ 権 PRINT,
                   INPUT, CIRCLE  ..

LET V=E          - ᢠ 祭 ६.    믮
                   ࠥ  ᫥ ࠦ E  ᢮
                   祭  祭  ६  V, ᫨ ⠪
                   ६ 㦥  . ᫨  V   , 
                    ࣠  ᮮ⢥饬   .
                     ⭮  ᨢ,  易⥫쭮
                      । ᯮ짮.

LIST [K]         - ᢥ稢  ࠭ ⥪ ணࠬ  몥
                   ZX-BASIC    K-  ப.  ᫨  K  饭,  
                   ਭ   祭   K=0.      
                   ⠭  㪠⥫  ⥪饩  ப    K,
                          㯭       ।஢.
                   ᢥ稢 ᥣ ந   ⥪
                   ணࠬ.  ࢠ   ᫥  
                     ࠭ :"Scroll?"   ⨥
                     : BREAK, STOP  "N".

LLIST [K]        -  筠 LIST,     ந-
                      祭 ਭ.   ਭ
                   ,   LLIST   ⮫쪮   ⠭  㪠⥫
                   ⥪饩  ப    ப  K.   ६ 
                   ணࠬ  ⠭   ⠩   (⥬
                   ६ FRAMES  ).

LOAD ...         - Spectrum  뢠  䮭 ࠧ
                   ⨯  .  LOAD  F  뢠  뢠   
                    ணࠬ  몥 BASIC, ᠭ  
                        F.  㣨 
                       .   
                     ᪨       
                   楯 ᨬ:  LOAD "".   㤥  ⠭
                       몥 BASIC ᨬ
                        .  ᫥   ᪠      
                   室      室       
                   ணࠬ  ६ 㤠 (
                   ᮮ⢥騥  ⥬  ६     


                            - 25 -

                   ⥫쭮  ᫮  祥    ᢮
                   祭)    ⠢     
                   ணࠬ.   㤠   ⥬
                   .

LOAD F DATE @ [S] [()]
                 - 뢠 ᫮  ⥪⮢ ᨢ  ࠧ-
                   頥        ६    @,
                   㤠 ।  ⨬ ᨢ   ⥬    
                   ⥬   ⨯ .  @    ,  
                    㯠  ᨢ ।   
                   .  ୮  ᨢ   , 
                   ᪮ 易⥫.  ⥪⮢ ᨢ  
                   뢠  뢠  ६  ⮣
                   ⨯.

LOAD F CODE [K[,N]]
                 - ଠ ,    뢠  
                   ⮢  ।  . ࠬ  K
                   ,      ᠭ  
                     뢠  ,    N  । 
                   .  ᫨    ࠬ  ,  
                   㤥 ⠭    ᠬ ,  ண 
                   襭  .      ஢,
                       뢠   㭨⮦ 
                       ⥬  ଠ     ⭮
                   ࠥ  ᮮ⢥騥     
                   ଠ樥.      祭   ࠬ  N
                   , 祬 䠪᪠      ,
                   ᨣ ᮮ饭 R, ,  ᫥⥫쭮,
                   ⮩ 樥   ⮫쪮  砫
                   ࠣ      (ࠧ    몫
                   䮭   뢠).

LOAD F SCREEN    -  ᮡ 砥  LOAD F CODE   ⢥砥
                   筮 LOAD  F CODE  16384,6912. 뢠  ࠭
                     ਡ⠬.  ᫥ 뢠   
                   ணࠬ         த 訡.
                   孨᪨ ஡ ᨣ  ᮮ饭
                   R.  뢠 ᫨誮   (
                   砩,   RAMTOP ⠭  ᫨誮 )
                    ᮮ饭 4.

LPRINT ...       -  ࠡ⠥  PRINT,   뫠-
                     ਭ.  ਭ ,  
                   .   饭      ᯨ᮪   LPRINT
                   ।⥫ 梥⮢ PAPER,  INC, FLASH   BRIGHT
                    ஢.   ⥫  ⠪  TAB
                     ᯮᮡ.  AT  ࠬ
                   ( ப) ᪠.  ⢫
                         32  (256  ).
                     䠪᪨  㯠  ᫥  
                   ,  室   ப,  ⠪
                       筮  襭 ணࠬ. ᫥
                   뢠  ணࠬ     砥   訡   


                            - 26 -

                   ⥫⢠  짮⥫      
                    뢠 ⨥  "Enter".

MERGE F          - 뢠 ணࠬ  BASIC     ᮥ-
                      㦥 饩  .  ப,
                       ணࠬ ४뢠,
                     묨,  ⠪      ६ 
                   묨  .    ⠢訥   ப   
                   ६    ᮮ⢥  
                   .       ᮧ   ⥪
                   ணࠬ   ᫥饣   ᯮ짮.
                   ⢨ 樨 ᭮  뢠 ᥣ
                       ࠡ     ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⮣
                         ணࠬ  ꥤ.   
                     ணࠬ      
                   ᪮쪮 . ४⨢    ਬ
                         祣 .  ⫨砥 
                   LOAD  F   ⥫쭮        ६
                   믮   ⥬,    ᪠  ணࠬ,
                    ᫨   뫠  ᠭ ४⨢  SAVE F
                   LINE K  ( 祭     ⮢).  
                     ᯮ짮 ⮩ ⥪.

MOVE             -   믮  ⮫쪮    稨 ZX
                   䥩 1.

NEW              -   ࠪ᪨   ⪫祭
                   ⠭.  樠 ⥬ BASIC, ࠭
                   ⮫쪮 ⥬ ६ RAMTOP, PRAM,  RASP,
                   PIP  UDG.   RAMTOP 饭,  
                    RAMTOP ⠥ ஭⮩.

NEXT @           - ,  몠  横  (FOR ...).  ᫥
                     NEXT @  ᪨ ࠢ-
                    ६ @, 㢥稢  祭  
                   稭 蠣   ࠢ  ।  -
                   . ᫨     ॢ,   ࠢ-
                     ।  樨,  ᫥饩  ᮮ-
                   騬 FOR.   ⨢  砥 믮
                   ணࠬ 筥  ᫥饩  NEXT .
                   ᫨      ६     ⠪
                   ᫮ ६ @,      ᨣ
                   ᮮ饭 2. ᫨   ६  
                   ࠢ饩,    ᮮ饭  1. -
                       ࣠ ᨬ 26  横-
                   . ࠢ騥  ६    ᯮ-
                       横,  ⠪    ,   
                     ᫮  ६.  ᫥   
                   横  ஢  ।쭮  -
                   祭,    蠣.     ࠭祭 
                    ᯮ  横. ਬ,  -
                   , ਢ , ⨬   㣨
                    BASIC,   㤥 ਭ   ZX-BASIC 
                   ࠢ쭠:



                            - 27 -

                            100 FOR I=1 TO 10
                            200 FOR J=10 TO 20
                            300 PRINT I,J
                            400 NEXT I
                            500 NEXT J

OPEN #K          - 䨪      ४⨢,    
                     K-   ⮪     㪠   
                   (.ࠧ "  ⮪"). ""  Srectrum
                   (  譨  ன,    ⭮    ZX
                   䥩 1) ᯮ ⮫쪮  "S", "K",
                   "P", "s", "k",  "p".  ᯮ짮  ⮪
                   0...3, ⠫ 4...15 室  ᯮ殮
                   짮⥫.

OUT M,N          - M   ᫮   0...65535, N -
                     -255...255,  ⮬  ⥫
                   ᫠   ⮬᪨ 㢥稢   256
                   (᫥⥫쭮, OUT M,-3    ᠬ, OUT
                   M,253).      ஢ BASIC
                   뫠 ଠ   뢮   

                     ਬ      ࠡ     譨
                   ன⢠.      -   
                   ᥬ:
                            LD        A,N
                            LD        BC,M
                            OUT       (C),A

OVER K           - 䨪 ᯮᮡ  祪   ᨬ-
                   . K=0  砥   ᮮ⢥饩 窨
                         ,   K=1 뢠 
                       㦥 騥.    
                         窠   
                   梥 -  ⠥ 梥  䮭, ⠬  ,  梥
                   ࠧ -  梥 ୨.  㭮
                   뢠,  ᫥⥫쭮,    ।饣
                   梥.      㤠  窨,
                       ࠭     ..    ,     
                   ᯥ䨪஢    梥⮢,        ⢨
                    ० ᮢ   쭮
                    ᥩ ணࠬ   ⮫쪮   ६ ⢨
                    饩  饩 樨.

PAPER K          - 䨪  梥  䮭.  祭 K  0  7
                   ।        ࠭    梥,    8
                   ᨣ ᮣᨥ   梥,  ࠭ 
                      ࠭, 9   ᯮ짮
                       ୮  梥⮢    ᨬ  
                   ⭮ ⠭    梥
                   䮭.      ப  ࠭ ⥬ ᥣ
                   ᯮ   PAPER   9.       
                   ਬ  ᠬ⥫쭮,  ⠪    ᯨ᪥
                   権 PRINT, INPUT, CIRCLE  ..  䮭
                       ࠧ ⥭  (.
                   BRIGHT).


                            - 28 -


PAUSE K          - ६   ⠭   ணࠬ.   ࠬ  K
                   । প  ⨤  ᥪ㭤.
                   ⨥         뢠   প
                   ᨬ  ன ६. 祭  K=0
                   砥  ⠭,  த騩     
                     (. ࠧ "訡 ⥬").

PLOT [E,]K,M     - ᮢ    筮   窨     न⠬
                   0<=  ABS  K<=255    0<=  ABS M <=175  ࠭.
                   砫 न 饭      㣫,
                     ப, १ࢨ஢  ⥬
                   ᮮ饭.  ४⨢   ਬ  
                     ப.

POKE K,M         -      祩   ᮬ 0<=K<=65535
                   㦠 ᫮ -255<=M<=255 (㢥祭  256
                    M<0).

PRINT ...        -  뢮   ࠭   ᫥⥫쭮
                     ᥫ.  PRINT ⠥   ᢮
                   ᯨ᪠    孨  22  ப ࠭.  ᯨ᪥
                    ࠧ     ᠬ,      ᯨ᪠
                   INPUT.   室   ࠦ 
                   ᪮,    ।   맮     
                   ⠭.      ਬ  AT  K,N,   ᫨
                    砫  न   ﭭ
                   (   孨   㣮).    ࠬ   0<=K<=21
                   ।  ப,     0<=M<=31   -   .
                   ॢ襭   ⨬   祭    ࠬ஢
                   ᨣ ᮮ饭  5. ᫥  
                   22  ப  ࠭,  ।  쭥訬   뢮,
                    । த 뢮 (Scroll?).
                    BREAK, STOP  "N" 뢠 믮
                   ணࠬ    ᮮ饭  D,  ⠫ ࠦ
                   ᮣᨥ  ᤢ ࠭.

RANDOMIZE [K]    -  ਭ樯  楤 ।祭   -
                   樠樨     ᥢ砩   ᥫ
                   (RND). ᫨ ࠬ K   ⫨祭  0,  
                    ࠧ頥  ⥬ ६ SEED.  
                    ⠬   , 뫮 ᠭ   (㭪
                   RND).   ய   ࠬ      K=0  맮
                   ࠧ饭   SEED      ⥬
                   ६    FRAMES.        ਬ
                   樨  RANDOMIZE        祭
                   祭  襣    襣  ⮢  
                   楫  ᫠   K,  ࠧ饭      
                   1...65535.  訩    砥    PEEK
                   23670,  訩  PEEK 23671.

READ V1,V2,...   -      ।  ६  -
                   祭     ᯨ᪠  ᮮ⢥   ࠦ,
                   饭    DATA.     権 READ
                         ᮮ⢥      ⥬


                            - 29 -

                   ६ DATADD, ,    ࠦ
                   ᯨ᪠  DATA  뫮  ⠭  ᫥.  ⪠
                   ⥭ 㦥   ᨣ
                   ᮮ饭 .

REM              - ⠢ ਥ. ᫥ ᫮ REM  ࠧ-
                       ᫥⥫쭮     (
                   ᪫祭  ᨬ      13),  
                   믮 㤥 ஢.

RESTORE [K]      -    ⠭ ⥬ 㪠-
                   ⥫  ࢮ ࠦ  ᯨ᪥ DATA   ப
                    ஬ K    訬. ᫨ K  饭,
                      㬮砭 ਭ  祭 0.  ।
                     ᪮  ணࠬ  樥  GO   TO
                   室  易⥫쭮  ᯮ짮  ४⨢
                   RESTORE (᫨   ⮩  ணࠬ   
                   READ).

RETURN           -   ணࠬ.

RUN [K]          -  ணࠬ  BASIC. 믮  ணࠬ
                   稭   ப K  , ᫨  K 饭,  
                   砫 ணࠬ.  । ᪮  ணࠬ RUN
                   ⮬᪨  믮     CLEAR,   
                   ᮮ⢥ 㭨⮦  ६.

SAVE ...         - ,  ⭠ LOAD.     -
                    뢠 ணࠬ   BASIC, ᫮  
                     ᨢ,    ⠪  ᫥⥫쭮
                   ⮢  筥  . ଠ 
                   ⠪ ,   LOAD,  ⥬ ⫨稥,  
                   ᪠    ࠬ. ,   
                       ᠭ  , 
                    ⮩ ᫥⥫쭮  ,
                    ॢ饩 10.   ணࠬ  BASIC
                   ᫥     LINE K.  ᠭ
                   ⠪ ࠧ  ணࠬ ᫥  뢠 㤥
                   ⮬᪨  ᪠    ப  ஬
                   .

STOP             - ⠭ ணࠬ. ணࠬ    த-
                    ⨥  CONTINUE.

VERIFY ...       - ଠ ।⠢ ⮩  樨  筠
                   樨 LOAD ...,   祣   
                    뢠,  ⮫쪮 ஢,  ᮢ
                    ᮤন ᮮ⢥ ⥩   
                   ⥬,    ᠭ    .  
                   ᮮ⢥⢨ ᨣ ᮮ饭 R.

                    3.7 ࠢ騥 ᨬ

     । ᨬ, ᯮ㥬  ZX Spectrum,  ⠪  뢠-
 ࠢ騥 ᨬ.       32 (祬   


                            - 30 -

 ᯮ).  ਬ    ஢  ZX BASIC ࠭祭,
⠪        ᠬ  䥪        㣨
権.      ணࠬ஢   設
.    ਢ      ,     -
䥪:

CHR$ 6   -  ᨬ  ᯮ짮  ⮩  ࠧ-
           ⥫  ᯨ᪠ INPUT  PRINT.

CHR$ 8   - 뢠 ᤢ     .

CHR$ 9   - . ࠧ "訡 ⥬".

CHR$ 15  -  ᨬ  "Enter".  ᯨ᪠ INPUT  PRINT -
             ਬ       筮   .   
           ணࠬ ZX-BASIC  頥    ப.

CHR$ 16  - 祢 ᫮ INK.

CHR$ 17  - 祢 ᫮ PAPER.

CHR$ 18  - 祢 ᫮ FLASH.

CHR$ 19  - 祢 ᫮ BRIGHT.

CHR$ 20  - 祢 ᫮ INVERSE.

CHR$ 21  - 祢 ᫮ OVER.

CHR$ 22  - 祢 ᫮ AT.

CHR$ 23  - 祢 ᫮ TAB.

         CHR$16    CHR$21         ଥ
CHR$K+CHR$M  CHR$K; CHR$M,    祭  ᮮ⢥饣
 樨 ࠬ.
     ᫥ ᨬ CHR$22  CHR$23  ᫥  ࠬ.
 AT  ⭮,   TAB ⢥ 㬥  ।⠢
 ⠬.   ࠪ⨪  祭 ண   (襣)  
 祭, ⠪   ᫮    32.  ⠢訥
  ࠢ   ᨬ  ᯮ   ।஬     
뢠            ࠪ᪮ 祭 
ணࠬ.  ६ 뢮 ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ, 
ᠭ  ,        32   ⥫묨
.

                    3.8 ⥬ ᮮ饭

       訡,  㦥  Spectrum   ணࠬ, 뢠
⠭  뢮 ᮮ⢥饣  ᮮ饭     ࠭.
 ᮮ饭   ⠭ :

            ᮮ饭  K:M

 -     0  9     A  R.   ᮮ頥


                            - 31 -

-᪨  稭  ।  ࠢ    ।. ᫠ K:M
ନ:      ப    樥  맢  
ᮮ饭.   K=0   ⭮   筮      ,    
।⢥  .

0 Ok             - ଠ쭮  襭  ,   -
                   ,  ணࠬ,  室  
                   GO  TO    ப    訬  ஬.  
                   㦨  ⠪  "訡"   
                   ⥬   ६   OLDPPC      OSPPC,   
                   १ 祣  CONTINUE, 뤠 ᫥
                   ⠪  ᮮ饭,    맮   믮
                   ᫥  樨     ணࠬ   (   
                   ⭮        ४⨢,         
                   ).

1 NEXT without FOR
                 -  ⨫   NEXT @.  -
                     ६    ࠢ饩 ६ 
                       @,         ᫮
                   ६  @.  ᫨      뫮  ⠪,  
                   筮 樨 뫮  뢥  ᮮ饭
                   2.    ⮩  稭  訡  
                   ⢨  ᮮ⢥饩  樨  FOR 
                   室  横.

2 Variable not found
                 - ⪠ ᯮ짮 ६,   -
                   饩      ६,      ᫥⥫쭮
                   ⠪,  ன         ਤ    
                   祭      LET, READ,  INPUT, FOR 
                   DIM.

3 Subscript wrong
                 -  ᨢ  諨    ।쭮 祭
                   (  ⨫      0...65535),   
                    ࠢ쭮   ᫮,   ⠪  ⪠
                   ᢮  ᨬ  ⮩ 䠢⭮-஢
                   ६    ࠧ୮  ,  祬  
                   ६.  ᫨    ॢ  祭
                   65535,       筮  樨   
                   ᮮ饭 B.

4 Out of memory  -  墠⠥     믮 ॡ-
                     樨.     ᥣ  뢠  믮
                   権 LET, INPUT, READ, DIM, GO SUB,  LOAD,
                   MERGE, ⪥ ४ᨢ 饭  㭪樨.
                   ,   稭      ᫨誮   
                     RAMTOP.     뢮     ਩
                   樨      室 㤠
                   -  ப     ணࠬ  ⠪,   ⮡
                     ,   室     믮
                   ४⨢,   .


5 Out of screen  - INPUT ⠥   22 ப    -


                            - 32 -

                    AT 㪠뢠   22 孨  ப
                   ࠭.

6 Number too big -  ६ ஢ ᫥ 뫠 ⪠ -
                       1.7E38.   ⨬  ᮮ饭   
                   ⪨   0  ᫥ TAN(PI/2).
7 RETURN without GO SUB
                 - ⪠ 믮  RETURN     ।饣
                   GO SUB,  ⠪   ᫮ 믮塞 GO  SUB
                    ᫠ 믮塞 RETURN.

8 End of file    -  ᮮ饭      ⮫쪮      ZX
                   Srectrum  ᮥ ZX 䥩ᮬ 1.

9 Stop statement - 믮  STOP.

A Invalid argument
                 -   㬥  ⠭⭮  㭪樨, 
                   ਬ  ⪠  ᫥  SQR    LN   
                   ⥫쭮  ᫠,     䠢⭮-஢
                   㬥 㭪樨  USR      ୮
                   ன.   訡   ⭮   㬥⠬
                   㭪権, । ணࠬ⮬.

B Integer out of range
                 - ᫥ ࠬ  樨 ॢᨫ -
                   쭮 祭.

C Nonsens in BASIC
                 - 㥬 ⥪ ४⥭    窨 ७
                   ࠢ  몠.     ᥣ  ,  
                   㬥 㭪権 VAL   VAL$   ।⠢
                   ୮   ࠦ.   ᮮ饭 
                   ⠪        ⪥    믮    ,
                   ᯮ ⥬,  ਬ, ⠭  
                   饭 ணࠬ,  ࠡ   Microdrive, 
                   ZX 䥩 1  祭.

D BREAK-CONT repeats
                 -  ணࠬ ࢠ    ६  믮
                   権,  易    譨 ன⢠
                   (ਭ,  䮭    ⥫  -   ᫥
                    "Scroll?"   BREAK,  STOP   "N").
                            ४⨢  CONTINUE
                     ࠧ ࢠ .

E Out of DATA    - ⪠       ᯨ᪠ DATA, ᫨ 
                   ௠.

F Invalid file name
                 - ⪠        
                      10 ᨬ.

G No room for line
                 - 墠⪠       ।   ᡮન


                            - 33 -

                   ணࠬ, ᫨  ᫨誮    ᫨誮
                    ⠭ RAMTOP.

H STOP in INPUT  - ணࠬ 뫠  ⠭   ६ 믮
                   樨 INPUT.

I FOR without NEXT
                 - 樠஢ 横      믮
                    ࠧ (ਬ, FOR I=1 TO 0),    ணࠬ
                    樨 NEXT.

J Invalid I/O device
                 - 訡   祭 ZX 䥩 1.

K Invalid colour - 㬥 権  INK, PAPER, BORDER, BRIGHT,
                   FLASH,  OVER    INVERSE  襫     ।,
                   ।  ⮩ 樨.   ᮮ饭
                   ⠪      ᫥     ᨬ,
                   ࠢ饣  梥⮬,  ᫨  ᫥騩  
                   ᨬ      ᮮ⢥⢨       
                   ࠢ騬 ᨬ.

L BREAK into program
                 - 뢠 믮 ணࠬ 짮⥫.

M RAMTOP no good - ⪠  ᢮  ⥬ ६ RAMTOP
                   ᫨誮   ᫨誮 让 稭.

N Statement lost - ⪠ 믮    RETURN,  NEXT  
                   CONTINUE 室  饩 樨.

O Invalid stream - ⪠ 뫪  ଠ樨 ⮪  -
                   祭               
                   ஬  15.

P FN without DEF - 맢 㭪,   뫠 ।.

Q Parametr error - ᮣᮢ ⢠  ⨯ 㬥-
                   ⮢        맮    㭪樨,    ।
                   짮⥫.

R Tape loading error
                 - ॡ㥬       ,    
                   -  稭          ⠭   
                   .
.

                            - 34 -


                  4. ୠ 䬥⨪

     筠 祩   ஢, ᤥ   
Z80,  ࠧ頥    ᥡ    ᫮  (), 騩  8 ,
       0,  1. 室   筮
।⠢  筮 祭 .  믨襬     ।
᫠ 2**7, 2**6,...,  2**1, 2**0, ⥬       ᥫ
믨襬   筮 ।⠢. 뢠  ᮡ
⮫쪮    ᫠  孥  鸞,   묨  ,
稬 筮 祭. ਬ, 筮 ᫮ 01001101:
         128  64  32  16  8  4  2  1
           0   1   0   0  1  1  0  1
         ---------------------------
              64          8  4     1 = 77
     ন  祩    ()     ⥫쭮
᫮   0...255.
       룮  ᬠਢ    ᫠    祭  
.  訩 ࠧ  (ᠬ  ) ।   (0
᫨  +,  1  ᫨  -).    ⠪  樨    ᫠ 
 -128...127.     ᥣ 믮  ⢨
  ࠫ묨 ᫠  . ⮬  ZX Spectrum  
।⠢  ᥫ  ਬ        . ᫠
    뢠        256+K.  ਬ, ᫮ -7
।⠢    256-7=249.    ⮩  ⥬ ᠬ 訩 
      ᫠.   ⮬  ஡, 易 
䬥⨪,    .   ᭮  䬥᪨   樨
(᫮  ..)     १⠬ ᨬ   롮
ᯮᮡ    ᥫ.  ਬ,  246+1=247     祢
ࠢ⢮    ᥫ     ,     ⠪     
ࠢ⢮, ᫨   246   -7,  ⠪   ⮣ 247=256+(-6)
砥 -6.
     ᯮ짮  ⠪  쪨  ᥫ  筮,  ⮬
訥  ᫠  室  ࠭   ᪮쪨 , ᫥
  㣨.  ZX  Spectrum  ஫  16-  ᫠
(16 ).         㯯   8  .   
뢠  訬,    ࠢ  -  訬.     ,
࣠    Z80,  ਭ  ࠢ,   ᫨  ।
  ᠬ X, X+1 ᮤঠ - ᫮,   ᮬ X
ࠧ頥 訩 ,    X+1  - 訩. ⮡  ।,
 ᫮ ᮤঠ   祩, 室 訩   㬭
  256    ਡ  訩.  ᫨    ⥫쭮
᫮,  ।⠢          2,    ⭨
2**16=65536.    16-⮢  ᫠    ࠭  ᫠   
 0...65535 ()  - 32728...32727 ().
       ணࠬ஢     設         
室      믮   ࠧ   権       ⠬.
ᯮ짮 筮 ।⠢  ⮬ 㤭⥫쭮,  
筮  ᫨誮  ஬.  ⮬    㤮 
16-筠 .   16- ᥫ ᯮ   0 
9  㪢  A  F.
      16-筮 ।⠢   10-筮 㤥.  ࠢ:
㬭 ।   । ⥯ ᫠ 16  ᪫뢠
ந.  ਬ, 16-筮  ᫮ FFFF ।⠢   
15*16**3+15*16**2+15*16**1+15*16**0     ࠢ


                            - 35 -

15*4096+15*256+15*16+15.
     室    筮      16-筮  ( ⭮) ᮡ
.    ୮  ᫠   㯯   4   
⢥ ।⠢塞  16-筮 ன.  ਬ, 1001111110=0010
0111 1110=27E.
       ,    २⢮  16-  ᥫ 
  室    筮  ।⠢    ,   
६ ᮪ ⭮  .  16-  ᫠ 㤥
।⢮  #.
     ᮡ ஢  ᥫ  ᥫ  饩  ⮩
 ࠧ ஢ ࠧ.  ZX-BASIC  ᫠ ࠭ 
5   ᫥⥫   .      ᫠        
-65536...65536   , 祬  ⠫.     
।⠢ ᥣ ࠢ  0, ᫥   ⥫쭮 ᫠
ࠢ 0,  ⥫쭮 - 256.  쥬  ⢥⮬  ࠧ
ᮮ⢥⢥  訩    訩      ᫠,  祬
⥫ 祭 ࠭      2.  ਬ,
᫮ 38 룫廊 ⠪: 0 0 0 38 0,  ᫮ 743=2*256+231   
0 0 231 2 0.  ᢮ ।   ᫮  -1231      0   255
251  49  0,  ⠪  256*251+49=65536-1231.
       ⠫묨  ᫠    ⠭  . ᯮ
䠪,   ᫮  筮 ।⠢  : 2**N*M,
 M - ᫮   [1/2,1].  ࢮ   Spectrum  ࠭
祭 N+128.   ⠫  ࠧ饭  ᫮ M   筮
ଥ,   筥 M*2**32,   ⥬,   ᠬ  訩 ,  
ᥣ      ࠢ  1,  㦨    ࠭  ᫠.
 砥 ,   - .
     ⨬,  5  ᫥⥫ 祥   ᮤঠ ᫠
130   212   16   34    178.             ᫮
-2**(130-128)*(212/2**8+16/2**16+34/2**24+178/2**32),        
106      112      4       231      78      ।⠢       ᫮
2**(106-128)*((128+112)/2**8+4/2**16+231/2**24+78/2**32).
     ⮨⢮  몮  ᮪  ஢  ( ⮬ ᫥ ZX-BASIC)
  ,    ணࠬ  ᢮   ।⠢
ࠧ ᥫ  .


                            - 36 -

                    5. ᯮ짮 

   ᫥  祭        ⮬᪨ ᪠
ணࠬ,  ࠧ饭    ROM      0.  ஢ ꥬ
⨬  ,  ࠧ      ࠧ  ,    ⠪
ᢠ ⥬ ६ 砫 祭.
   ࠬ, ਢ , 뢠 ࠧ . ꥬ  0
  16383 ࠧ頥  ROM, ⠫ -  RAM. 쪮  
  ᢮  ﭭ  ,  ⠫  ६ 
      ⥪騥   ࠭  ᮮ⢥ ⥬
६.  ᫠     ⥩  㪠⥫
   ᥣ  ⠬.
---------------------------------------------------------------
|         |                          |       |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|#0000 (0)     | ⥬ 楤             |            |
|#3000 (15616) | மࠧ ᨬ.   32..127|            |
|#4000 (16384) | ࠭                           |            |
|#5800 (22528) | ਡ                        |            |
|#5B00 (23296) |  ਭ                  |            |
|#5C00 (23552) | ⥬ ६            |            |
|#5CB6 (23734) |  தࠩ               |            |
| CHANS        | ଠ              |#80 (128)   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| PROG         | BASIC                           |            |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| VARS         | ६ ZX-BASIC             |#80 (128)   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| E_LINE       |  ।                 |#80 (128)   |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| WORKSP       |  樨 INPUT          |#0D (13)    |
|              |   ZX-BASIC        |            |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| STKBOT       | ⥪                |            |
| STKEND       |                                 |            |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| SP           |  .  ZX-BASIC  |            |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| ERR_SP       | 設 ⥪                   |            |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| RAMTOP       | ⥪ ᮢ  GOSUB     |#3E (62)    |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
|              |           |            |
|-------------------------------------------------------------|
| UDG          | மࠧ ᨬ, ।|            |
| P_RAMT       |            짮⥫        |            |
---------------------------------------------------------------

                    5.1 மࠧ ᨬ

      ᨬ    32  127 (8   
)   768 ᫥ 祥 ROM.  ஢  ⮩ 
ଥ,     ᨬ, ।塞 짮⥫.  筮
䨪  (    128    143)    ࠧ. 
砫 ⮩  ࠭  ⥬ ६ CHARS.


                            - 37 -

                           5.2 ࠭

     ।祭  ࠭ ଠ樨   窥
࠭,  筥  ⮬,      梥 ୨  䮭.
6144    ⮣   ᮢ 49152 ࠧ 祪
(    뢠  8 祪).  ࣠  ⠡  192
ப    256  ⮫殢.   ᪨ 権 BASIC 㯭
⮫쪮  176 孨 ப.  ᪨  뢮  
8*8  祪.   뢮 ⥪  ଠ 24 ப  32
樨.    ⥪⮢ ப १ࢨ஢  ⥬
ᮮ饭  ࠡ祩  ।.
   ᥭ  ᯮᮡ,      ७  ࠭. 
ᮦ,  ᫥⥫  32   뢠 ᫥⥫쭮
  ப    ࠭,    256  ᫥⥫   
뢠    ⥪.  饭 ᪮ ப ()
᮫⭮  ⨢,      窨  ७  ZX-BASIC 宦 
⥭  㬠襤襣.    ᥣ    㢨  ६
뢠  ࠭   .   ࠭稬 ⮫쪮 ਬࠬ,
騬  뢠  ⥪⮢   ᪨ न 
࠭ .
   ,  ᮤঠ騩     न⠬ (K,M) (窠
(0,0)    孥  㣫 ࠭    ⥪⮢
஢)  ࠭  :

16384+32*(INT((175-M)/8-INT((175-M)/64*8+8*(175-M-INT((175-M)/8)*8+
+64*INT((175-M)/64)+INT(K/8)
       뢠 :
  8-K+INT(K/8)*8
    ᢮ ।,  ⥪⮢  뢠  ࠧ:
  16384+2048*INT(K/8)+32*(K-8*INT(K/8))+256*M+N
    K    砥    (0..23), N  ஬
  (0..31),    ᢮  ।  M  ஬ ᪮
ப  (), ନ饩   (0..7).  0- ਭ
             .  砫  न  
権,  , 饭   孥 㣫 ࠭.

                 5.3 ਡ (22528...23295)

     ⮩    ࠭  ଠ    ࠧ饭  梥⮢ 
࠭.   襩   楩  孮,  梥  ன  
,      筮  ࠧ஬ 8*8 祪. 
⠪   । 梥 䮭, ୨  栭.  롮
 8 梥⮢ :

                   0 - 
                   1 - 䨮⮢
                   2 - 
                   3 - ᨭ
                   4 - 
                   5 - 㡮
                   6 - 
                   7 - 

      梥     㯠      ⥭:  筮  
⥭ᨢ (BRIGHT 0,1).


                            - 38 -

    ᢥ, 騥 筮  , ஢
  :

         ----------------------------------------
         |  |          祭             |
         |--------------------------------------|
         |  7   |  栭                     |
         |--------------------------------------|
         |  6   |  ⥭ᨢ 䮭           |
         |--------------------------------------|
         |  5   |                               |
         |  4   |   䮭                    |
         |  3   |                               |
         |--------------------------------------|
         |  2   |                               |
         |  1   |   ୨                  |
         |  0   |                               |
         ----------------------------------------

   ⮡  ⠭    ਡ     ।, 
祭   ᫥         ᮮ⢥騩   ,  
짮 ࠧ殬:

                   128*F+64*8+32*P+I,
                F । 栭      (FLASH 0,1)
                   B । ⥭ 䮭  (BRIGHT 0,1)
                   P  ஬ 梥 䮭
                   I  梥⮬ ୨

   ।  , 뢠 ਡ⠬  
 न⠬ K,M, ⢫  㫥:

                   22528+32*K+M

              5.4  ਭ (23296...23551)

     ⮩    ᮡ  ,     ᫠ 
ਭ.  , 䠪᪨, ᫥ ᫥  ⮣ 
(256   32 ),  ᫥ ᨬ " ப" (CHR$13).
᫨  ਭ    祭,       㤥 ᯮ짮
⥬   ᯮ짮  㣨 楫.

                     5.5  தࠩ

      ᯮ ⮫쪮  砥 祭  Spectrum
ZX  䥩  1.    ""       
䨧᪨  CHANS=23734.

            5.6 ணࠬ ZX-BASIC (PROG  VARS-1)

   ᫥ 樠樨 ⥬,  祭 譨 ன,
    稭   #5CC8 (23755).   ࠭ ⥪
ணࠬ    BASIC.  ⤥  ப     
᫥ :



                            - 39 -

         ---------------------------------------------------
         |  2   |  2   |  ⥪ |  1   |
         |-------------------------------------------------|
         |      |      |         | #0D (13) |
         |  ப   |  ⥪+1 |              |"ENTER"|
         ---------------------------------------------------

     砥    ப ᤥ 㯫  ࠢ  
  㯠 訩 ,  ⮬ 訩.  祢 ᫮,
騥  ⥪,  묨 ᨬ.
     ᯮᮡ ࠭ ᥫ  ⥪ ணࠬ. 
᫥⥫쭮  , ।⠢ ᫥⥫ ,
ᥣ ࠧ頥 ࠢ騩 ᨬ CHR$14,     ⮢,
ᮤঠ  筮  ।⠢  ⮣  ᫠.   ६ 뢮
ணࠬ    ࠭          ᪠. 
 , 祬  ணࠬ ।  VAL
"17"    17. ࢠ   䠪᪨  5 ⮢,
    -  8.      .  ६ 믮
ணࠬ    ᢮  । ய᪠ ᨬ, 묨 ᠭ
᫮      ᯮ  5-⮢  筮  ।⠢.  
  ࠢ 祭 । ᥫ (ਬ,
⮢ ᮢ 楤  設 )  "".  ⮬
砥   室   ।    ७  ।⠢
  ᫠    樥 POKE ᢮   祭.
 뢮 ⥪  ࠭   쭥襬 㤥 䨣஢ ஥
।⠢  ᫠, 㦥  易  ᠭ   
᫮!  ਬ    孨,  室  ,    
祭  ⠪  ப        ࠭    
,      䨪樨,    ७ ।⠢
 ᫠  ⥪, ᢠ  祭,   ࠭.
     㣨      ਢ   . ᫨  ࢮ
ப ணࠬ  祩, ᮤঠ  ,  ᫮ 0,
  ⠪      㤥  ᪮஢    
࠭    ।,  ⥬ ஢.  㣮 
ணࠬ    㣠  窠.  襬 ⠬ ப 9999 REM 
᫥  ⠭      , ᮤঠ  ,
ࠧ⨬ 祭 255.  १ ⮣   뢮
ணࠬ    ࠭.  ஢    ப   .
ன   䥪,   ࠧ    業,      ⪥
뢠  ⠪  ணࠬ    樥 MERGE. Spectrum
""    짮⥫    ⠥  ॠ஢    
.

          5.7 ६ ZX-BASIC (VARS  E_LINE-2)

    ⮩  ⥬ ࠭  ६, 樠஢
  ணࠬ,  ⠪    짮⥫   . 騥
६  ᫥⥫쭮  뢠   ⮩  (
᫥騥    ⮬᪨  ᤢ)   ⠬, 
    㤥  饭. ᪫祭   ⥪⮢
६:  -   ,  ।
  㡨ࠥ  (  ᮯ஢  ६饭 㣨 
),   뢠   ⮩ .  ந室
   ᨢ.
   ᮡ  ࠭  ६        ⨯.  ZX-BASIC


                            - 40 -

    ࠧ  ६, 砥 ᫠
 2  7:

         2 (010) -  ⥪⮢ ६;
         3 (011) -  ᫮ ६  묨
                   ;
         4 (100) - ᫮ ᨢ;
         5 (101) -  ᫮ ६  묨
                   ;
         6 (110) -  ᨢ;
         7 (111) - ६, ࠢ騥 横 FOR...NEXT.

        ᠭ ६ ᮤন  ⨯,
 ⠪  ࢮ  . ⮤ ࠧ饭  ᢥ 
 ᫮ ᫥騩:

                   ----------------------------------------
                   |      |       |         |
                   |--------------------------------------|
                   |  |  7 6 5   |   4 3 2 1 0        |
                   ----------------------------------------

   ⨬  ,      4...0  ᮤঠ  浪 
    䠢,      . ⢥⢥   砥,
᪫뢠    ᫮  #60  (96).  ࠭   ६, Spectrum
⮬᪨    訥    묨    ய᪠ 
஡. ন ᫥    ⨯ ६.

      ⥪⮢ ६.  ᠭ N+3 :
         ---------------------------------------------------
         |    | N= ⥪ (2 ) |  |
         ---------------------------------------------------
      ᫮ ६   .
      ᠭ 6 :
         --------------------------------------
         |    | ন (5 ) |
         --------------------------------------

     ᫮ ᨢ.  ᠭ N+3 :
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   |    | N=    | k=᫮  |  1-...k-  |   |
   |  | ᠭ -3| ᮢ | |( 5 )|
   |        | (2 )  |          | ( 2 )|           |
   ------------------------------------------------------------
      ᫮ ६   .
      ᠭ k+5 :
         ---------------------------------------------------
         |    | 2-  ... k-  | 祭 |
         |              |             | (5 ) |
         ---------------------------------------------------

     ன      ᫥騥   ᨬ    ࠭    
ᮮ⢥  .  ᫥     ᠬ 訩
 ᥣ ⠭  1,   ᥣ ᯮ .



                            - 41 -

      ᨢ.  ᠭ N+3 :
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   |    | N=    | k=᫮  |  1-...k-  |   |
   |  | ᠭ -3| ᮢ | |( 1 )|
   |        | (2 )  |          | ( 2 )|           |
   ------------------------------------------------------------
     ࠢ 横 ६.  ᠭ 19 .
----------------------------------------------------------------
|   | 祭  | 祭  |  =z  | k= | FOR |
| |⥪饥 = x|筮 =y|(5 ) | ப  | ப+1|
|       |  (5 ) |  (5 ) |         | (2 )| (1 ) |
----------------------------------------------------------------
   ᫥    ६  㪠⥫ ᥣ ᮤন
祭 #80 (128).

           5.8  । (E_LINE  WORKSP-1)

       ⮩        ࠧ頥    ப    ணࠬ   
᫥⥫쭮  ४⨢    ।⢥  믮 
६      .  ᨬ   
  ࠭.  ᫥   "Enter"  ஢ ୮
 ⥪  ।ਭ ᮮ⢥騥 ⢨.

        5.9  樨 INPUT (WORKSP  STKBOT-1)

      ࢮ砫쭮  , 뢠 
INPUT    ⮫쪮 ᫥  "Enter" ᫥  ८ࠧ. 
⮩  Spectrum ⠪ 믮  樨, ॡ騥
ࠡ祩  (ਬ, 楯 ᨬ ६).

          5.10 ⥪  (STKBOT  STKEND-1)

       ⥬ ணࠬ, 믮 設⢮
䬥᪨ 権.

    5.11   ⥬ BASIC (STEKEND+1  SP)

         ᢮,    ।祭  ॡ⥩
⥬   BASIC.   稥        殢  ⮣  
         .  ,  ࠧ饭  ,  
࣭   㭨⮦      ।०.  ।  砫
⢨,  ॡ  㢥祭  -   ࠡ ,
Spectrum  ஢,  ⠥   ⮬    80 ᢮
       ॡ  設  ⥪.  ⥫
१  ஢ન  ᨣ ᮮ饭 4.   ⮩
  ࠭    ॣ  Z80,뢠 㪠⥫
⥪ (SP)  㯥  ⥬ BASIC.

               5.12 ⥪ 設 (SP  ERR_SP)

   ⥪,   ᯮ㥬   ஬  Z80    ⥪饣  ࠭
ࠧ  ,  ᮢ  ..   ᮫⭮ ᯮ
 ணࠬ஢  BASIC.




                            - 42 -

     5.13 ⥪ ᮢ  GOSUB (ERR_SP+1  RAMTOP)

   ।  ⥪,   ࠧ ।祭  ࠭ 
ப        樨 GOSUB.   室
      RETURN    ਩  室    ணࠬ.
ࠧ  믮  GOSUB  RETURN 뢠 ᤢ 設
⥪,  㥬  १  ERR_SP          .
⮬  䨪樨  ॡ ᮡ ஦.

      5.14  ᢮  (RAMTOP+1  P_RAMT)

     ⢨⥫쭮  ᢮   ᭮  ⮬ ᫥,
    ᮤন  㯭    ⥬  BASIC    
஢   ⮫쪮      ॡ  짮⥫    
樨  POKE.    ४⨢  NEW  蠥 ⮩ . 
ਭ樯  ᯮ  ࠭ ணࠬ  設  
ᯥ ,   ६ BASIC  室.

      5.15 ࠧ ᨬ 짮⥫ (UDG  UDG+167)

   ᫥  樠樨  ⥬      稭   祩,
饩          RAMTOP+1=#FF58=65368,         砥    
P_RAMT=#FFFF=65535.    ⮣        ,
믮    USR  "A".      㦨   ࠭
⠭   ᪨   ᨬ,   ।   짮⥫.
।  筮 ᨬ ⮨  쬨 , 뢠
ﭨ  窨    8*8.
     ਬ  ।  ᪨  ᨬ    ࠧ⨬  
  UDG ⠪, ⮡  ᢥ稢 ᫥   "O" 
०  G.  ⠯  ஥஢   
      8*8.     ,  ।祭    訢,
ࠧ頥  1,      ⮬  - 0.  ⠪  
ᬠਢ  쬨஢ ୮ ᫮. 祭 
8 ᥫ 뢠  ஥㥬 ᨬ:
                   00000100        4
                   00001000        8
                   00000000        0
                   00111100       60
                   01000010       66
                   01000010       66
                   00111100       60
                   00000000        0

    ⥯   .  ᥣ  ᤥ  
ணࠬ:

         10 DATA 4,8,0,60,66,66,60,0
         20 FOR I=USR "O" TO USR "O"+7
         30 READ A: POKE I,A
         40 NEXT I

᫥    믮  "O"  ० G 뢮 ஢
ᨬ.    楯窥  ᨬ    㤥    158.  
ப  10   ⠪   筮 ଥ  筮,
ᯮ  㭪 BIN.  ॡ  ᠭ,  ⥫쭮


                            - 43 -

砥  䨪樨 ।  ࠧ.
   168     UDG  ࠭ 21 ࠧ ᨬ. 
  ࠧ        144  (A)    164  (U).  ᫥
樠樨 ⥬   ᮤন ࠧ   
⨭᪮ 䠢.

                    6. ⥬ ६

   ⥬ ६ ࠭   #5C00 (23552)  ,
  ணࠬ BASIC. ணࠬ   ROM ᯮ 
   ଠ樨, 뢠饩 ﭨ . 
 ᬮ७  ६,   ஢  
짮  ᯮ짮  ணࠬ⮬. ⠫   ண,
⠪           ਢ      樮  ⥬.
뢠 ६ ࠧ (ᮣ᭮ ᯥ᪨ 㭪権, 
   )  5 㯯:

         - ࠭騥   ⥬ ;
         - 㦨騥 ;
         - 뢠騥 ﭨ ⥬;
         - 易    ⮪;
         - 㦨騥 ࠭ ⥫.


                 6.1   ⥬ 

         ERR_SP   #5C3D (23613)        STKEND   #5C65 (23653)
         VARS     #5C4B (23627)        RAMTOP   #5CB2 (23730)
         PROG     #5C53 (23635)        P_RAMT   #5CB4 (23732)
         E_LINE   #5C59 (23641)        CHARS    #5C36 (23606)
         WORKSP   #5C61 (23649)        UDG      #5C7B (23675)
         STKBOT   #5C63 (23651)

ਬ      ६   ᠭ      ।饬  ࠧ.
⢥    ᯮ짮        ६      
।   ᢮   ,    ⮩  ணࠬ,
६묨    ..  쪮  ६  RAMTOP     
஢    BASIC  ।⢮  CLEAR  k.   ᮦ, 
     㣨  ⢨,  ६  
ᯮ짮 .

P_RAMT    - ন    ᫥  䨧᪨ 饩  
              祩  .  ⥫쭮,   
            ᯮ짮    ᯮ  ணࠬ,   
                ZX  Spectrum  㦥 (16 
            48).

CHARS     -   ⮩   ६    ।  ᮡ-
                뢮. ᫥ ࠧ饭    RAM
               ᮬ  k  筮    ६  CHARS
            祭  k-256.  稭   ⮣ ,  ⥪,
              ணࠬ  ⨭,    訬
            묨  . ⨬ ᯮᮡ   ⠭
               ᨬ          32    127.  
            ભ,    ⠪   ⮫쪮 ⠭


                            - 44 -

            ,        祭,    
            ᨬ.  ᯮ짮  ६  ,
                ⥪   ணࠬ   ᮫⭮   ⠥.
            筮  㬥  祭  CHARS   8,  ⮣ 
            ᯥ⪥  ணࠬ  㤭  㤥    -
            .  , 뢮 饭  믮
            ணࠬ,    ⠭   ࠧ稢묨,   ᫨   
            ६  ᤢ   祭 , .. 
            室 ⥪ ⨬ "B"  "A", "O"  "N"
             ..

UDG       - 짠   ࠧ饭 ⮣      ᯨ᪥  ⥬-
              ६  ⮨   ⮬,     
            ६      .   ⮫     業  
              ᯮ짮 ᪮쪨 ஢ ⨯
            ᨬ  ६.    ⮬  砥  । 뢮
               ॡ ஢ UDG, ᢠ
            ६   祭  ,  室    
            .  䨪  ⠫  ६ ⮩ 㯯
            祭  ᭠    ਢ  ᡮ  ᠭ
            樮 ⥬.

ERR_SP    -  ६  㪠뢠  ᭮  設  ⥪.
            ,      ᢮   ।,   饭    楤,
            ⢥饩    㦨    訡 権,
            ॡ     뢠     ணࠬ          뤠
            ᮮ⢥饣    ᮮ饭.       訡   
              ⠪    ଠ쭮  襭 ணࠬ,
            ᨣ㥬     ᮮ饭    0    Ok.    
            ணࠬ,  騥  ᥬ  Z80,  
            ⮬    ᮡ⢥  ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 訡,
              ,  稬,    
            . 䨪 ERR_SP  ஢ BASIC ᥣ  
               ⥬           権,
            ॡ    뢮      ᮮ饭.      
            ᯮ                  ணࠬ     
            ᠭ樮஢   ᬮ    ஢.  
            ⮤   ᮥ   ணࠬ   SAVE F
            LINE...,    ⠪  ᪫祭  뢠
            ணࠬ  樥 MERGE 筮  
              ணࠬ    ࠬ "⮢". 
            ᮦ,   ᯠᥭ      ᫥  
            ணࠬ .

           6.2 ६, 㦨騥 .

KSTATE       #5C00 (23552)
          -   ६  ஥  8   ᯮ 
            ⥭       㦨  ᠬ塞
            .    ணࠬ  祩  ᮬ #5C04
            (23556)      祭.   ᮤন 祭
            255,  ᫨     ,   ᭮
            祭  ⮩      ० C ( 
            䠢    ).  PEEK  23556  ⮬  
            䥪,      CODE  INKEY$   ० C. ⮨⢮


                            - 45 -

              䠪,    祭     ﭨ
              (L   C).  砥  ᪮쪨 
            ६  ᥣ  㤥 ᯮ ࢠ (INKEY$ 
            ⠪  樨    ஢ ).  CS 
            SS,     ⤥쭮,    
            祩,           14. ஬ ⮣,
            樨    CS/9,    CS/3,   CS/4      CS/2   뤠
            ᮮ⢥⢥    15, 4, 5, 6 (   ⠪
            CODE INKEY$).

 LAST_K      #5C08 (23560)
          -   ⮢  ६  ࠭  ᫥ ⮩
            , ᨬ  ⮣,     . 
            砥    ᪮쪨  - 㤥  . 
            ⫨稥    ।饩  ६,  LAST_K  ᫥ 
            ﭨ  .  ⮩ ६ 筮 易
            ᫥ ६.

FLAGS        #5C3B (23611)
          - 쪮    ࠧ   ६   LAST_K   ਭ  
            祭,   ⮫쪮  ࠧ      ६  FLAGS
            ⠭      1.    ,  ᫨    
            ᯮ   ⭮  ⨥          
            .    ᢮  ।,  ⨩  ⮩ ६
               ᮤন MODE  ᯮ,  
            樨  ⭮⥫쭮  ⥭    
            ᯮ짮    K.  ,    ଠ 
            ᯮ짮      ஢  ᥬ.  쬮 
            ६    FLAGS   ᨣ   ⥬,   諠
            믮塞           ணࠬ.
            饭  ணࠬ  POKE 23611,0 ࢥ
             믮 ᮮ饭 0 Ok.

REPDEL       #5C09 (23561)
REPPER       #5C0A (23562)
          -         ६    室    ᬠਢ
            ६.  ࢠ   ।,   
             , ⮡ ࠡ⠫ 堭 ᠬ,
                  ।   ६     뢠  
            .    ६ ६   1/50 
            ᥪ㭤.   砫     ६  樠஢
            祭ﬨ  35  5,  砥,   
            ᫥  0.7  ᥪ  筥  ᠬࠧ    ⥬ 10
                ᥪ㭤.    뢠  
             祭  㬥  0. ਤ  祭
            0,     襩  ⠭,  த饩
            ⮫쪮  ,  ᪮쪮 PAUSE 256. ᥭ   祩
            祭  1  ਢ    ⮬,   ࠡ  Spectrum
            ⠭  㤭,   (  ४⨢
                㤥  ॡ     ⫨筮
            ॠ樨  ⢨⥫쭮  ).

RASP         #5C38 (23608)
PIP          #5C39 (23609)
          -    ६  ।  , ᮯ஢騩 


                            - 46 -

            .   RASP      ⥫쭮   (  1/50  ᥪ)
            ।।⥫쭮 "砭",  Spectrum  
              뢠  .  砫쭮  祭 RASP=64
            (1.26   ᥪ).   PIP   ।   ⥫쭮  㪠,
            ⢥ত饣  ⨥    (砫쭮  祭
            PIP=0).  ⮨  ,    RASP  PIP,  ⫨稥 
            設⢠    㣨    ⥬    ६,    
            樠  樥 NEW.

               6.3 ६ ﭨ ⥬

    ६  ⥬ ஫஢   ୮
஢ । ணࠬ ப.

NEWPPC       #5C42 (23618)
NSPPC        #5C44 (23620)
          - ࢠ   (2 ) ᮤন  ப,  
            (1  )  ⢫   室.  騥   
            뢠 ।⢥  室   M- 樨  
            L- ப, ᫥⥫쭮,  ⥫쭮 筥
             GO TO L.

         POKE 23618,L-256*(INT(L/256)):
         POKE 23619,INT(L/256):
         POKE 23620,M

PPC          #5C45 (23621)
SUBPPC       #5C47 (23623)
          -  ६  ᮤঠ  ᮮ⢥⢥  ப 
             믮塞 .    ६  ERR_NR
                㦨    襭  ணࠬ  ࠭
              ᮮ饭    ஢஢   䠪᪮
            訡.    ⮩  楫  ணࠬ  ᫥   
            樥  GO  TO  9999,      ⮩ ப 
            :

         9999 POKE 23621,L-256*INT(L/256):
              POKE 23622,INT(L/256):
              POKE 23610,M-1:POKE 23623,K

             ⮬ 砥 ணࠬ  ᮮ饭:
            M ⥪ L:K

ERR_NR       #5C3A (23610)
          -  ⮩  祩    -1   訡,   
            ந諠    㤥  ᨣ஢  ᮮ⢥騬
            ᮮ饭. ন  ⮣      業
             ᠭ ᮡ⢥ 楤 ࠡ⪨ 訡  
            ᥬ, ⠪  ࠧ । 稭 뢠
            ணࠬ.

E_PPC        #5C49 (23625)
          -  ६ (2 )  ᮤন  ⥪饩 ப
             㯭   ।஢.  䨪  맮
              䥪,   LIST N,   뢮 ணࠬ 


                            - 47 -

            ࠭.     롮    ப
            ணࠬ    䨪樨,    ⥬ ஢  
                ࠭    ४஢  㭨⮦
            ᮤন ࠭.

MODE         #5C41 (23617)
          -   ६  ନ  ।,     
               ᯮ짮         .  ⥬
            ᯮ ᫥騥 祭:  0-L,C  K,  1-E, 2-G.
             ᫠ ⥬ ᯮ  ࠧ ࠦ 
            祭   ᨬ,    ᢥ稢
              .  ணࠬ     BASIC,     ⮫쪮
            ᪫ Spectrum, ⮡   襩 樨  INPUT
              ⠭⭮    L    C  ᯮ짮
              G    E.  祬,  ०  E 㤥 ⢮
            ⮫쪮     ࢮ     ᨬ.      E
            砥  POKE  23617,1.     䥪   
            ࠧ饭  ⮩ ६ 㣨 祭  (⫨
             1,1,2). POKE  23617,K  K=3...127  뢠 
            G,   ࠭   㤥    G,
                 㣮.  POKE   23617,K     K=0,128...255
            ⠭ ०  L   C,      뢮  ࠭
            㣮 饣 .

FLAGS        #5C6A (23658)
          -    ६   ।,    室 ०:
            L  C.   ⢥砥 ⨩  FLAGS. POKE 23658,0
            ⠭ ० L,  POKE 23658,8 ० C. 
                  CS/2.

DF_SZ        #5C6B (23659)
          -  ६  ᮤন  ᫮  ப   -
            ࠭, १ࢨ஢  ⥬ ᮮ饭   -
            ,    INPUT. 樠  -
             2. ࠪ᪨  ᯮ㥬,    
             ᯮ짮     ணࠬ   뢠.
            饭      0  뢠  ᠭ  ⥬, 
            ⮫쪮    室  뢮  祣- 
                ࠭  (ਬ,  ᮮ饭   ⨨
            BREAK). ,   룮  㦨, ⠪   -
            ६       ਬ   権
            INPUT,  CLS,    ⠪          
            "Scroll ?".

OLDPPC       #5C6E (23662)
OCPPC        #5C70 (23664)
          -  ᮤঠ  ப      ப,    -
              㤥  ⢫  室    砥 뤠
              CONTINUE.   䨪     ६   
            ணࠬ         筥  ୠ⨢
            樨 GO TO.      , 祬
            䨪 NEWPPC   NCPPC, ⠪   室 㯠
              ᫥      CONTINUE,    ࠧ  ᫥
            䨪樨  ६.    ६ ⮬᪨
            ४  ⥬  直  ࠧ,   㯠


                            - 48 -

            뢠 ணࠬ  ᮮ饭, ⫨  0 Ok.

SEED         #5C76 (23670)
          -  ᭮     ᥢ砩   ᥫ.   -
            짮 SEED  ᬠਢ   ᠭ 㭪樨
            RND.


FRAMES       #5C78 (23672)
          -    ⠢  ७      ZX Spectrum.
                ।⠢    ᫮    PEEK     23672+256*PEEK
            23673+65536*PEEK  23674     ।,  ᪮쪮  1/50
            ᥪ㭤  諮        樠樨   ⥬.
            ᨬ 祭   2**24-1=16777215,  
            ⢥砥 3  ⪠ 21  12 ⠬   24.3 ᥪ㭤.
            筮  ⠩  ⠢    0.01%   9
            ᥪ㭤   ⪨.   ⠩ 몫砥    ६,
             Spectrum 㦨 譨 ன⢠ (ਭ,
            䮭,  ),    ⠪    ६  믮
            ணࠬ  設 ,  몫  室
            ஫  ᪨஢묨 뢠ﬨ.

DATADD       #5C57 (23639)
          -  ६  ࠭       ᯨ᪥ DATA,
             㤥  ⠭ ।  樥 READ  (
              ࠢ,   訬 ਡ  
             祥).     ᮤন   ᯮ 
            ⮬,      筥 ୠ⨢ 
            RESTORE k.

SCR_CT       #5C8C (23692)
          -   ।, ᫥ 뢮 ᪮쪨  ப+1 
            ࠭      "Scroll ?".᫨  ,
            ⮡ 뢮  뢠  ࠩ   255 ப,
             室   祩  祭 255.   ᫨
                  ࢠ  뢮  ࠭,    室
            ᢮ ⮩ ६ 祭, 襥 23.

        6.4 ६, 㦨騥 ࠭ ⥫

    㯯  ६ ⢥砥   ࠢ쭮  ⢨
    ⥫஬.       ࠢ 梥⮬, 㣨
।  뢮 ।   ᪮ ᨬ.


BORDER       #5C48 (23624)
          -   ६  ᮤন  ਡ,  뢠騥  -
                ࠭,    ⠪  梥  ࠬ.    
            ᫮  ZX   Spectrum        ⠭
              梥    䮭    ୨   ப
            (짮⥫   ᥣ           
            ᨬ).  䨪  梥⮢    ᯨ᪥ INPUT 
            ⢥  ⮫쪮    ⥪⮢,  ⠥   
             ࠭,  梥 ୨    ᥣ
            ⠭  9 (  ,  ᨬ 


                            - 49 -

            梥 䮭).    (ਬ, ᫨ 
             뢠   ⠩ ஫), ᯮ
              POKE   23624,128+F+64*B+8*P+I,     ᢠ
            ࠬ  F,B,P,I  祭  ࠬ஢     FLASH,
            BRIGHT, PAPER  INK.  ,   㡥,  ४㥬
                䥪    ᯮᮡ:  BORDER 3: POKE
            23624,222 : CLS.

ATTR_P       #5C8D (23693)
ATTR_T       #5C8F (23695)
          -  ६ ⮢  ࠭ 祭 ਡ⮢
            FLASH,  BRIGHT,  PAPER    INK.    P   砥
            稭,  ⠭   ﭭ   ᮮ⢥騬
                ᥩ  ணࠬ,    T  -  ⥪騥
            祭,  ⠭  ⥬    ᠬ묨 ,
            ࠧ饭묨    ᯨ᪠   ᮮ⢥     
             .  ⢨ ᯥ䨪஢ 梥  
            ᯨ᪠  権 ६ ATTR_P 
             ATTR_T. ᮡ ࠭  ଠ樨  梥   
               ᠭ      ࠧ   "ᯮ짮  ".
            ६ ATTR_P    ᯮ짮   ணࠬ
            BASIC  ⠭  ਡ⮢  樥
            POKE. ATTR_T,   ᢮  ।,       
            ணࠬ    設   ,  ⠪     筮
            ᯮ  楤ࠬ    ROM  ⠭
             梥⮢.

MASK_P       #5C8E
MASK_T       #5C90
          -  ⮢ ६ ᯮ 
            ॠ樨    FLASH,  BRIGHT,   PAPER    INK   
            ࠬ஬ 8. 祭  P  T    ६
            ⠪  ᠬ,    ६  ATTR. ⠭
            -   ६  1 砥,   
              ⥬    ᠬ   ஬    ᮮ⢥饬   
            ਡ⮢      ⠢   .   ⨬
            ,   INK  8 ⠭  1   
                ६   MASK_P.      
            ६   樥    POKE,   ,    ਬ,
            ⠭   1 ⮫쪮   訩  .   㤥
            祭  䥪  䨫.      梥  ୨
            ⠭ ⮫쪮 ᭮ ᨭ ,    ६
              ⠫    ࣠  (⨬
              ,   㬥 梥⮢  ᮢᥬ 砩.
             ᨭ - 1,  - 2,  - 3.   ᭮
            梥, ᬥ      ⠫.
             Spectrum ஫ ᬥ訢 믮  ஢
            ᮮ⢥ 梥⮢).

COORDS       #5C7D (23677)
          -  ᫥⥫   ⮩  ६   ᮤঠ
            न (X,Y) 窨   ࠭,   ன 訫
            ᮢ ᫥   PLOT, DRAW   CIRCLE.
            䨪 ⮩ ६      ᠬ 䥪,
              PLOT OVER  1,k,n, .. ᬥ饭 㪠⥫  ࠭


                            - 50 -

             ᮢ - 窨  .

SPOSN        #5C88 (23688)
          -  ६ (2 )  ᮤন 祭 33-k, 24-m,
             k,m  - न  ᫥ 뢥   ࠭
            .  ।⢥  䨪    ६
            㤭⥫쭠,     ..     室    ६
            ஢ DF_CC.

DF_CC        #5C84 (23684)
          -   ६  ᮤন        ࠭,  
            ண 筥 뢮 । ᨬ  樥
            PRINT.      ⮫쪮          SPOSN.
            ⥫쭮  ਬ  PRINT AT k,n.

SPOSNL       #5C8A (23690)
DFCCL        #5C86 (23686)
          - ६,  SPOSN  DF_CC, 뢠騥 -
              ࠭.

P_FLAG       #5C91 (23697)
          - ६, ᮤঠ ଠ    ०    
            ᮢ    ࠭.  뢠 ०, ⠭
            BASIC   樨 INVERSE, OVER, INK 9  PAPER
            9.   ᮮ⢥ ﭭ  
            ०,  - ६.

            --------------------------------------------------
            |                    | ६     |  ﭭ |
            |                    |           |         |
            |------------------------------------------------|
            | OVER 1             |      0       |     1      |
            | INVERSE 1          |      2       |     3      |
            | INK 9              |      4       |     5      |
            | PAPER 9            |      6       |     7      |
            --------------------------------------------------
            ᫨ 室 ⠭ ﭭ OVER 1: INVERSE 1:
            INK 9:  PAPER 9,        筮
             POKE 23697,2+8+32+128.

:  ⥬ ६  ᯮ BASIC.  
 ࠬ 樮 ⥬  ਭ  ᥩ ,
⭮饩  ZX Spectrum.


                            - 51 -

                       7.  ⮪

     ६饭  ଠ樨     ணࠬ     ਩묨
ன⢠ ࠢ        ⮪. ⥫쭮
।⠢   䨧᪮ ன⢮, 饥 ଠ
(⥫, ਭ),   뤠饥   (),   ⮪  
஦,    ன      ६    
.
      ZX  Spectrum   ZX 䥩  1 ࠧ 4 . 
 묨 ࠬ:

         S  - 室  . , 뫠  ⮬ ,
              ᢥ稢  孥  ࠭.

         K  -  I/O (/뢮),  㦨    
                ࠭.

         P  - 室 ,  뫠  ਭ.

         R  - 室  ,  ᯮ㥬  ⮫쪮 ।஬ 
                     ।   ,  ⠭    
              .

        뫠 祭   ⮪.  
    ᯮ殮  16  (0...15).  ᫥  樠樨 ⥬
᫥ 祭 ⮪  0  1    "K",  ⮪ 2   "S",
⮪ 3  "P".  "R" 㯥  ZX BASIC.
     樨  BASIC  PRINT,  LPRINT,  INPUT,  LIST, LLIST 
      ᥬ  ⨬  ,    뢠  
⢮.    ⢨⥫쭮  室  ⮫쪮   :
INPUT    LIST,    ⠪    ⥬   ⮪.
    権     ᯮ짮   뫪
ଠ樨   ⮪.   ⮩ 楫 室   ᨬ
#K ᨣ஢,    ⥫  ᯮ짮.
    LLIST 筠 LIST #3, LIST    ᠬ,  
LLIST #2.   ⠪  LIST #0  LLIST #0,    祭
ࠪ筮,  ⠪    ⥬     뢮 㤠  22
࠭  ஢      ᠬ  頥   .  
:
         PRINT #1;"   ࠭"

맮     ࠭, ⠪   INPUT, 

         PRINT #3;" ⥡   ਭ"

諥  ⥪   ਭ.  PRINT ࠢ祭  PRINT #2.
   룮 ᯮ짮

         INPUT #2;" ᢮ ":#0;A$

 맮 뢮 ४⨢     ࠭,    孥.
#0  ।  A$  室,  ..    "S" ⮫쪮 室
     .
      ᯮ殮 짮⥫  ⮪  ࠬ  4 
15.  ।    ᯮ짮  室  ᮮ⢥騥  ⮪
    ,       㦨.  ⮣


                            - 52 -

㦨  OPEN #K;"L",  #K  ࠦ, 騬 
१ ᫮  4  15,  L - 䠢⭮-஢ ࠦ,
騬  १  ,   (  ""
ZX  Spectrum      K,  S    P). ਬ, ᫥ 
OPEN#6;"P"  LIST #6 㤥 ⢮  LLIST.   
PRINT #6   ᯮ짮  LPRINT.
     ᫥ ᯮ짮   ⮪  । 祭   
㣮  易⥫쭮  ⪫祭.  ⮣ 㦨 
CLOSE #K. 襥  ࠢ ४ 뢠   (⪫
   ⮪) ࠧ   ᫥   ᯮ짮.     
    ਩  ன  (    ,  ਬ,
몫  ஫㥬    ன⢠).  ⮪    0     3
⮬᪨   祭      ᢮           ⨥
楫ᮮࠧ,  ⠪    ⥬      .  ⪨
祭      㣨          ।
᫥⢨  宬  ⥬ ⥫쭮.   ⠪ 뢠
⮪,   稭     (. ࠧ "訡
⥬").
     "" ZX  Spectrum      業 ⮨⢠
⠪ ⥬ ६饭  ଠ樨 (ᮡ    
室  ᮢ⭮  ࠡ    ஢  ZX BASIC  ⨯묨
਩묨   ன⢠).         ⮫쪮    ᫥
祭  ZX  䥩  1,    ࠡ    தࠩ  
୮ .
     襩  짮,  ਭᨬ  ⥬     ⮪,
      ,  ।塞  ࠢ
묨 .   ࠪ⨪     ⥫쭮 
樨  䥩ᮢ  ⥬  ࠧ饭       
室 ணࠬ,  㦨   ன⢠ (  ⠪
᭨  室).  祭  ᮡ⢥    ⥬ BASIC
ॡ  ⮣  ⮫쪮     筮  祭       ⪨
⥫ 楤   設  . ࠢ  ⥮᪨ 
⮩  楫      墠  権  IN    OUT,   砥
ன,  ॡ    ᨣ   ࢠ  ᪮쪨
ᥪ㭤  ᪮쪨 ⪮  ᥪ㭤  ⠪   ⠥
⥮ਥ.
       짮⥫     ன⢠  ⠪   
   㤮⢮   ᠭ    ணࠬ.   ⥫쭮    
ᯮ짮 PRINT #K  INPUT #K, 祬  ࠧ 뢠   ZX
BASIC 楤, ⮢騥 ,  ⥬ 뫠騥    
.
     । ⥬,   ᭥ ᯮᮡ ࣠樨 ᮡ⢥
,       ,     Spectrum   ࠭  室
ଠ     ⮪,  ⠪    .
        , 稭饩   ,  ࠭ ⥬
६ CHANS (#5C4F(23631))  PROG-1 ࠧ饭   
 .     ⠭ ଠ.  ᠭ  
 5    :
     ------------------------------------------------------
     |  |  |          祭                 |
     |----------------------------------------------------|
     |  X    | 2 |  뢮 楤    |
     |  X+2  | 2 |   楤     |
     |  X+4  | 1  |                    |
     ------------------------------------------------------


                            - 53 -


楤  뢮  㤥  뢠     । ᨬ 
ॣ   A.      楤    ,    ⮡    ९⢥
⢮    ZX  BASIC,    ⠢  ।
,  ᯮ  ⥬    ᨣ஢   㯭
  ⠭  㪠⥫  C.  ⢨ 室  
ᨣ஢  㫥  㪠⥫  C  (Carry  - ७)  Z
(Zero - ).
      砥,   ன⢮  ஭,
⮣    楤  ࠡ⪨ ४⭮  樨 뤠
 (筮  ROM) 楤:

         RST   0008
         DEFB  

  ᮮ⢥饣  ᮮ饭    訡  (ᮤন   祩,
᫥饩  RST 8) 롨ࠥ  ࠬ.
     ᫥  樠樨  ⥬    ଠ樨    
  20      ,  ᮤঠ騩 㪠⥫  
(#80(128)).  ᮤঠ:

--------------------------------------------------------------
|     |                                                 |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
| CHANS    |  楤, 饩    ࠭  |
|      +2  |  楤, 뢠饩   |
|      +4  | "" 䨪                         |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
|      +5  |  楤, 饩  孥  ࠭ |
|      +7  |  楤, ᨣ饩 訡         |
|      +9  | "S" 䨪                         |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
|      +10 |  楤, 饩 ⠭      |
|          |          ।                         |
|      +12 |  楤, ᨣ饩 訡         |
|      +14 | "R" 䨪                         |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
|      +15 |  楤, 㦨饩 ਭ          |
|      +17 |  楤, ᨣ饩 訡         |
|      +19 | "P" 䨪                         |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
|      +20 | #80(128) - 㪠⥫                |
|------------------------------------------------------------|
|      +21 | 砫  PROG                             |
--------------------------------------------------------------

      ,   ⮩      ࠧ饭   
 .     䨪樨    
"P", ⠪  ⠫  ⮬᪨ 뢠 ⥬.   
 訬  ᯮᮡ, ⠪     । ⮫쪮
 ⥫ ,  ⠪   ६
ᯮ짮  ਭ.  룮  ᤢ      PROG-1 
STEKEND    ᮮ⢥饥  ᫮         䨪樥
⥬ ६.  ᥣ   ⥬ 楤ன
MAKE_ROM.    ⭮,    ⮫    ⢥, ࠧ饭


                            - 54 -

ଠ樨          -       ⥬
६  38 , 稭  STRMS #5C10 (23568).  
⮪ ।砥  2 .   5  , 뢠 
,   CHANS+X-1,  X - ᮤন  , 易
  ⮪. ᠭ ⮪  ஬ K ࠧ頥   
STRMS+6+2*K.
           祭   ⮪         ⨬  祩
ᢠ  ᮮ⢥騥  祭.  쪮  ࠧ  ணࠬ
  INPUT  #K  PRINT  #K, ⮫쪮 ࠧ   ᭮
     ⠡,  STRMS   砥     ᮮ⢥饩
楤  頥  ⥬ ६ CURCHL #5C51 (23633).
,  砥 饩 樨 , । ᨬ  㦠
  ⥫    뢠    楤.    砥  ⥭ 
⥫ 롨 । , ᫨  㯭 (⠢
㪠⥫ C). ⨢ ⮪  㫥   ᮮ⢥饬
 ⠡ STRMS.
       ,    ⥬  ⢨⥫쭮  祭  筠   
祭    㤮. ஡ ⮫쪮  ⮬,  
樨  OPEN    CLOSE  ࠡ  ⮫쪮     ⠭묨
䨪ࠬ "K", "S"  "P".祭  ⪫祭 ⮪ 
    (䨪      STRMS,   ⠪ ६
CURCHL)      믮  ணࠬ.  ॡ 뫪
⥫  ᨣ,  樠    ன⢮ 
ନ   襭 ᥠ ࠡ.
       ⭠      ⥫ ZX 䥩 1:
᫥ 祭  ⮣ ன⢠   Spectrum   ଠ
࠭     ⮪  ਢ   ᮮࠦ
 㤠 ਬ.

                    8. ⥬ 楤

      ணࠬ   ᥬ  Z80   (ROM) ZX Spectrum
 業 ࠭饬 ⮢  ⫠ 楤  設
.           ᯥ宬 ᯮ짮  ஢
BASIC,  ᮧ  ⥫  ,  㯭  㣨
ᯮᮡ.  ࠭稬 ᠭ  ⥬ 楤.

                     8.1   㪮

      ZX Spectrum   㤨  ᯮᮡ:

BEEPER             #0385 (949)
                 -  楤 ॡ  ࠬ஢.  ॣ-
                    DE 頥 ६ த⥫쭮  㪠,
                      ॣ HL  - .   祭 ।
                   饭   ॣ ॡ ।⥫
                   ८ࠧ.  ⨬,  ⨬  ⮭
                    ⮩  f த⥫쭮  t.    DE
                   㦠   f*t,           HL    㦠
                   437500/f-30.125.    ⮢  ,
                   ᫨ 맢  楤.

BEEP               #03F8 (1016)
                 -  ॡ  ६     㪠  
                   ଠ    ७.    ࠬ


                            - 55 -

                   ।  BEEP  ⥬    饭     ⥪
                   .    BEEP    ᭨        㤠
                   ᠬ⥫쭮,      믮       室
                   ८ࠧ  뢠 BEEPER.

     BEEPER      樨  ZX-BASIC  BEEP  ⮩ 窨
७,       ࠭  ࠭祭   祭
ࠬ஢.      ஫      ६  ८ࠧ,
믮塞  BEEP.     ६   樨  㪠     뢠
饭.  ᫥  樥  BEEPER  ।  믮  RET
 EL.

                   8.2   䮭

    , ⠪    뢠    
 ⮩  楤ன:

SAVE_BYTES         #04C2 (1218)
                 -  ॣ DE  室  뢠-
                    ,   IX  -   ࢮ ,   
                    A - ⨯ 뢠 :

                      ⨯ 0         - ;
                      ⨯ 255 (#FF) -  .

                    ਭ樯,   ⫨  ⥬,   
                   ।     ⥫   㯨⥫
                   ᨣ ( 5 ᥪ.), 祬   ( 2
                   ᥪ.).   짮⥫      ᯮ짮   
                   ⠫  祭  ⨯    0    255   
                   祭   ⨯   .        
                   祭  ࠧ  ⨯    ᯥ樠
                   ਫ.              
                   樥  LOAD     ⥭  (  ࠭   
                   뢮        )  묨
                   ணࠬ ஢.

   ⠭  ⮨ ᥣ  17 :

         1              - ⨯  :
                              0 - ணࠬ BASIC
                              1 - ᫮ ᨢ
                              2 -  ᨢ
                              3 -  ⮢.

         2-11          -    10  .  ⨬
                                  0  255.  ᫨ 
                                10  ,    
                              ஡.

         12-13         -  , ᫥饣  -
                              .

         14-17         -   ⨯ :



                            - 56 -

                                ⨯ 0:
                                14-15  -  ப ᪠,
                                              ⪠       ᪠
                                              ᨣ
                                              祭   >   32767
                                              (#7FFF).

                                16-17  -  ᠬ ணࠬ
                                                 ६-
                                              .

                                ⨯ 1  2 ᯮ  ⮫쪮
                               15     (୮)
                                 뢠  ᨢ  (,
                                     ࠭  
                               ६.

                                ⨯ 3:
                                14-15  - 砫  -
                                              ,          ன
                                              室  ᨢ   
                                               .

     ਢ  ଠ   ࠭   
  砥,     뢠          ⠭
樥 LOAD.
   뢠 ᠭ ஢ ந 樥:

LOAD_BYTES         #0556 (1566)
                 -  ,    SAVE_BYTES,  ।  맮  
                    DE ᨬ  뢠 ,  IX -
                   砫     ,   A -
                   ⨯  뢠   .  ⥫쭮   
                   室  ⠭  㪠⥫   樥
                   SCF. 맮 ⮩ 楤  㫥 㪠⥫ C
                     ⪠    䨪樨   
                    (  VERIFY).   訡
                   뢠      䨪樨   ᨣ
                   㫥   㪠⥫   C   ᫥   室   
                   ணࠬ,  ଠ쭮  믮  楤
                   ᨣ ⠭ C=1.

                 8.3 뢮  ࠭  .

     뢮   ࠭ 筮  ᨬ,   ண 室 
,            ࠭,  ⠪  ਭ,
믮   ⮩  楤ன. ।  맮  室
 ᮮ⢥騩    楤:

CHAN_OPEN          #1601 (5633)

         室  ਧ 室  : 1 -
 "K", 2 -  "S", 3  -  "P".   㤥    
,    ᠬ   ஥. ᫨ ᫥ ⮣  뤠 
ᥬ:


                            - 57 -


         RST #10

  㤥   ᨬ, 室騩   A,  
࠭ .
     ணࠬ, ਢ ,  ਬ RST  #10.
 믮 ࠢ筮 : PRINT FLASH 1; AT 5,3;"X";#3;"A"

         LD        A,2         ;  "S"
         CALL      CHAN_OPEN
         LD        A,#12       ; ᨬ FLASH
         RST       #10
         LD        A,1         ;㬥 FLASH
         RST       #10
         LD        A,#16       ; ᨬ AT
         RST       #10
         LD        A,#5        ;㬥 AT
         RST       #10
         LD        A,#3
         RST       #10
         LD        A,#58       ; "X"
         RST       #10
         LD        A,3         ;  "P"
         CALL      CHAN_OPEN
         LD        A,#41       ; ᨬ "A";
         RST       #10
         RET                   ;뢮  ணࠬ

     ⨬ ,   "A" 㤥 ᫠    ਭ,
  䠪᪨  㤥  ⯥⠭    㬠 ⮫쪮 ᫥ 
, 뫪   ᨬ  ப (13)  맮:

COPY_BUFF          #0EC0 (3789)

  ਬ  뢠,    뫪  楯窨   
ᨬ   ࠩ ⮬⥫쭠.  ਬ 楤:


PR_STRING          #203C (8252)
                 -  ⠥ 楯 ,  ன 
                    ॣ DE      BC. ।   맮
                   室  ᮮ⢥騩 .   ᫨
                   ⠥  ᨬ      梥,  
                   ⠭  ᭮ ६  ATTR_T,
                   MASK_T,  ⠪  ⮢ P_FLAG.

       ᥫ     㤭⥫쭠,   ⠪     室
⢫ ॢ 筮 ᫠  ᫥⥫쭮  ᨬ
 筮 ।⠢.   室 ᫥  
믮 楤:

PRINT_FP           #2DE3 (11747)
                 -  ᭨  ⥪     ⮢,
                     ᫠  ଠ, ਭ⮬   ⥬
                   ZX-BASIC, ⥬ ⠥    ⮬  ⥬


                            - 58 -

                   ६, । 梥,    ..
                   ᮡ ࠧ饭  ᥫ   ⥪ 
                    ਬ .

      砥  ࠫ ᥫ   0   9999   ᯮ짮
  楤:

OUT_NUM1           #1A1B (6683)
                 -  ⠥ ᫮, ᮤঠ饥   BC,    4-
                   ,   뢮   砫   室    ᫮
                   ஡. ZX  Spectrum ᯮ   楤
                     ஢ ப  ⨭ ணࠬ.

                     8.4 ࠭ 䨪

      ᮢ  ࠭     楤 PLOT, DRAW
 CIRCLE:

PLOT_SUB           #22E5 (8933)
                 -  뢥  ࠭       
                   न⠬  (X,Y).  ।  맮  室
                    X  C  Y  B.

PIXEL_ADD          #22AA (8874)
                 - ᫥  ᥭ     BC 祭 (Y,X)  맮
                   ⮩  㭪樨    砥   ॣ HL 
                   , 뢠饣   ࠭.   ⮬
                             祭  X   MOD  8,
                   饥,           
                   .

DRAW_1             #2477 (9335)
                 -   ⥪  ᫠ X  Y, ᫥
                   祣  ᮮ⢥騩 १.  न
                   PLOT 롨  ⥬ ६.

DRAW_3             #24BA (9402)
                 -  ᮢ 筮 १ ⮩ 楤-
                   ன 室  ABS Y -> B, ABS X-> C, SGN
                   Y -> D, SGN X -> E.

DRAW_ARC           #2394(9108)
                 -  ࠣ . ࠬ X,Y,Z    ⮩
                   楤      ।   १   ⥪
                   . Z ࠧ頥  ⥪.

CIRCLE_1           #2320 (9005)
                 -   㦭    業஬    (X,Y) 
                   ࠤᮬ  Z,    ࠬ  ⠪   
                   饭  ⥪ .

!!!   ਢ   楤  ॣ  HL
(.ࠧ "訡 ⥬").

     ᫥ 뢮  㦭 㭪   ࠭     뢥 


                            - 59 -


ਭ.  樨 COPY  楤:

COPY               #0EAC (3756)
                 -  楤      ਭ  22 孨
                   ப.

     ࠬ    襯ਢ  楤  稭  ⥬  
࠭祭,   ᮮ⢥騥   BASIC.


               8.5 ⪠  ६饭 ࠭

CLS                #0D6B (3435)
                 - ᭮ 楤 ⪨ ࠭.    ⢨
                   筮 ⢨ ४⨢  ⥬  .

CLS_LOWER          #0D6E (3438)
                 - ⪠    ࠭.     
                   ᥩ      ࠭  ᨬ     
                   ⥪ ࠧ஢  ६ ⠭ 
                         ப.  樠  ⠪
                   ⥬    ६    DF_CL        SPOSNL,
                   ।騥  .

CL_LINE            #0E44 (3652)
                 - ⪠, 稭    ࠭, -
                     ᫠  ப.   ᫮  ப  ᮤন   
                   ॣ B.

     । 맮  楤 㦭 㡥,  㦭 
.          ⠢  ᫥  室   "K"
.   ࠭ ࠭  梥 ⠭   ᭮
⥬ ६ BORDER    ࠭,  ⠪ ATTR_P
 MASK_P  孥, ᫥ 祣  ᮤন    ATTR_T
 MASK_T.

CL_SC_ALL          #0DFE (3582)
                 - ६頥 ᮤন ᥣ  ࠭  (24  
                   ப)      ப   ( ப
                   祧).    맢  ।⢥ 
                   BASIC, ⠪    ॡ ࠬ஢.

CL_SCROLL          #0E00 (3584)
                 - ᫥ ᥭ  ॣ B ᫠  ப-1   
                   ᤢ (   2)  楤  த 
                     ப  ⮫쪮  ப,  ᪮쪮 ⨬, 
                   ண ᯮ . ⥫쭮,  
                     ࠭  㭮  ⥪,  
                    㭨⮦  ᤢ   ப.


     ਬ     楤     ,       
 ⠪ 易⥫ ਡ    ࠭.



                            - 60 -

                  8.6 뢠  

     ଠ      룮  ᥣ ᭨  ⥬
६ LAST_K. ஢ ﭨ ⮣  ६  FLAGS
 ।:      ।  (1-
, 0-           㫥 ⮣ ).
᫥ 뢠    ,    ,  ᯥ稢
ᥡ  , ஢    ᮤন  LAST_K
  .      ⮫쪮    祭  ᪨஢
뢠    ०  1.       ⮬  砥  ZX   Spectrum
⮬᪨ 뢠 楤 50 ࠧ  ᥪ㭤:

KEYBOARD           #02BF (703)
                 -  ᬠਢ   , 
                     ,  ⠭  
                     ,     ⠪     ६   LAST_K  
                   ⠭ 5  FLAGS.  ⮩
                     㤥           ⥬
                   ६. 砫 ஢ ᮤন MODE,
                   ᬠਢ    ᫮        
                     :

                   MODE-1 < 0   砥  K, L  C
                   MODE-1 = 0   砥  E
                   MODE-1 > 0   砥  G

                    K  L  C ⫨砥    쥣
                     ६  FLAGS.  0  砥  K,     1
                   ᨣ  L     C.   ⨩     FLAGS
                   ⥫쭮 ।,    L(0)
                     C(1).    楤      
                   .

     ⮡  ᨬ      ⠭,  뫠     
⭠ ,  த⨢    ।⢥
     樨 IN.    㯠  ⠪
,    砥 㭪樨  ⥬  ᠬ   BASIC.

                        8.7 

      ⢨  ᫠  饩 ⮩ 믮
  讣  楤,  ࠭⢮ ROM  
#2F9B (12187)  #386D (14445).  뢠  樥
RST #28,  믮 室   #335B (13457).

     ᭮ ࠡ     66 ࠧ  楤,
믮       権     ⥪    .
।    믮    楯窮  ,  ࠧ饭
।⢥    RST  #28.   ⠪ 楯窨  ᥣ
砥 ⮬  祭 #38 (56).

       室    ࠭稬  ﬨ,   騬
믮 ࠧ ᫥ . ⨬,    ⥪
室 ᫠ ...Z,X,Y.



                            - 61 -

----------------------------------------------------------------
|祭 |                  |     ﭨ ⥪        |
|--------------|          |           ᫥            |
| . | . |                  |         樨           |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
|    1 |  #01  |  ⮢ |  ... Z     Y      X        |
|    3 |  #03  | ⠭        |        ... Z     X-Y       |
|    4 |  #04  |         |        ... Z     X*Y       |
|    5 |  #05  |           |        ... Z     X/Y       |
|    6 |  #06  | ⥯          |        ... Z     X**Y      |
|   15 |  #0F  |          |        ... Z     X+Y       |
|   27 |  #18  |    |  ... Z     X     -Y        |
|   31 |  #1F  |             |  ... Z     X     sin Y     |
|   32 |  #20  | ᨭ          |  ... Z     X     cos Y     |
|   33 |  #21  |           |  ... Z     X     tg Y      |
|   34 |  #22  | ᨭ         |  ... Z     X     asn Y     |
|   35 |  #23  | પᨭ       |  ... Z     X     acs Y     |
|   36 |  #24  | ⠭       |  ... Z     X     atg Y     |
|   37 |  #25  |  .  |  ... Z     X     ln Y      |
|   38 |  #26  | ᯮ       |  ... Z     X     exp Y     |
|   39 |  #27  |   ᫠|  ... Z     X     int Y     |
|   40 |  #28  | ७ |  ... Z     X     sqr Y     |
|   41 |  #29  |  ᫠       |  ... Z     X     sgn Y     |
|   42 |  #2A  | ᮫⭠ .  |  ... Z     X     abs Y     |
|   49 |  #31  | ஢ ⥪|  ... Z     X     Y   Y     |
|   50 |  #32  | N MOD M          |  ... Z  ⮪   ⭮  |
|   52 |  #34  |   ⥪  |  ... Z     X     Y   D     |
|   56 |  #38  |  ⮢   |  ... Z     X     Y         |
|   58 |  #3A  | INT(Y+.5)        |  ... Z     X    INT(Y+.5)  |
|  160 |  #A0  |  0       |  ... Z     X     Y   0     |
|  161 |  #A1  |  1       |  ... Z     X     Y   1     |
|  162 |  #A2  |  0.5     |  ... Z     X     Y  0.5    |
|  163 |  #A3  |  PI/2    |  ... Z     X     Y  PI/2   |
|  164 |  #A4  |  10      |  ... Z     X     Y   10    |
----------------------------------------------------------------
       ਬ  ᯮ짮  ,  ⠥ 祭
1.5*SIN(X)+X**2*COS(X*PI/2).  ⨬,    祭  X 室
 ⥪.  饭  樥 #28 ᫥  ࢮ
 맮:
---------------------------------------------------------
|  |            ﭨ  ⥪                    |
|-------------------------------------------------------|
| #31  |   X   X                                        |
| #31  |   X   X   X                                    |
| #31  |   X   X   X   X                                |
| #A3  |   X   X   X   X   PI/2                         |
| #04  |   X   X   X   X*PI/2                           |
| #20  |   X   X   X   COS(X*PI/2)                      |
| #04  |   X   X   X*COS(X*PI/2)                        |
| #04  |   X   X*X*COS(X*PI/2)                          |
| #01  |   X*X*COS(X*PI/2)  X                           |
| #1F  |   X*X*COS(X*PI/2)  SIN(X)                      |
| #34  |    1.3 (5 )                        |
| #F1  |                                                |
---------------------------------------------------------


                            - 62 -

---------------------------------------------------------
| #26  |                                                |
| #66  |                                                |
| #66  |                                                |
| #66  |   X*X*COS(X*PI/2)  SIN(X)   1.3                |
| #04  |   X*X*COS(X*PI/2)  1.3*SIN(X)                  |
| #0F  |   X*X*COS(X*PI/2)+1.3*SIN(X)                   |
| #38  |    ᫥                             |
---------------------------------------------------------

     ᭥  ॡ      ⥪     
᫥⥫쭮 ,  ᫥ ।⢥   #34.  
#F1#26#66#66#66  ।⠢  ᫮  2*113*0.13,      0.13. 
易  樥    ᫠  㪮祭  . 奬
⢨ ᫥:

         -     #40 (64)   祭  ⥫
           ⥯ ਭ: ⮪   ⮣    #50
           (᫨  ⫨祭  0)  ᫥騩   #50 (᫨
           ⮪ ࠢ 0);

         - 楫     (0,1,2,3)    1   ।,
           ᪮쪮 ॡ   . 騥   5
             ﬨ.

      襬 ਬ #F1 (241),    #40 (64)   ⮪
#31 (49),   ⠪  楫   3.   砥,   ⥫
⥯ 襣 ᫠   #31+#50=#81   ॡ   4
  .    ⮩  ⥬  ᫮  0     ।⠢
#40#B0#00, ⠪  #0,   #40  ⮪  楫  ,
ࠢ 0. ⥬  ⠭ ன   +#50  #B0+#50=#00  (
   ⤥      256)   
      .  ⠫    ( 5) 
ﬨ.  ᢮ ।, ᫮ 10  ।⠢ #40#B0#00#0A.
       #34    ࠧ  ᫠   ⥪ ணࠬ 
ᥬ.   ,   ॡ    ⥪  ࠬ
権    祭,  ⠭    ணࠬ.    ⮣
।祭    ᯮ⥫  楤.    
祭  ⥪ 祭, ⠪     ࠧ ᥫ:

STK_TO_BC          #2307 (8967)
                 -  ᫥  ᮡ ᫠ ( 5-⮢ ।-
                   ⠢)    ⥪     
                   ॣ  B    C.    祭   
                     -255   255.   ⢫
                     BASIC  ᮮ饭 8 (㤥  믮
                      RST   #8).      楤  
                   ਬ    ⥫  ᫠.   
                        ॣ  D     E.    ᫠,
                     ⥪, 㣫   襣
                   楫 ᫠.

STK_TO_A           #2314 (8980)
                 - 楤, 筠 ।饩,    ⥬ ⫨-
                   稥,   ⥪  ⮫쪮  ᫮


                            - 63 -

                    ᫥ 㣫  楫 頥  .
                    ᫠ 頥  ॣ C.

STACK_FETCH        #2BF1 (11249)
                 -   楤    ⥪  ᫮ (5
                   ⮢)  ࠧ頥   ॣ A, E, D,  C,
                   B.

FP_TO_BC           #20A2 (11682)
                 - ᫮  ⥪ 㣫   襣 楫
                   ᫠  ࠧ頥   ॣ BC.   ᫠
                   । 㪠⥫ Z (0  ⥫).
                   ᫨  祭    ⥪  ॢᨫ ᨬ쭮
                   65535,  㪠⥫ C ⠭  1   
                   ⢥  ॠ    訡  (   
                   ZX-BASIC  ந室).

SIK_STORE          #2AB6 (10934)
                 -  楤  ࠧ頥   ⥪ 5 ⮢
                     ॣ஢  A,   E,  D,  C,   B.  ᫮   1.3
                   (#81#26#66#66#66)              ⥪
                             ᯮᮡ    (⨬
                   , ன ᯮᮡ   
                   3 ):

   LD     A,#81                        RST     #28
   LD     DE,#6626                  DEFB    #34
   LD     BC,#6666                     DEFB    #F1
   CALL   #2AB6                        DEFB    #26
                                       DEFB    #66
                                       DEFB    #66
                                       DEFB    #66
                                       DEFB    #38

STACK_A            #2D28 (11560)
                 - 祭 ॣ  A  ਮ᪨    
                   ⥪  5-⮢ ।⠢.

STACK_RC           #2D2B (11563)
                 -  楤 筠 ।饩,     ⥪
                    ᫮  ॣ஢ BC.

     ᫥ 襭 ⮢   ॣ HL ࠧ頥
 ࢮ   5- ⮢, 室   誥 ⥪.  
ࠡ    ஬  室     ᮮ⢥饩
ࠡ   ⥪.   ⠪ ,   楤  PRINT_FP
᭨    ⥪  ⠥  ᫮.      ਢ 맮 
ணࠬ  設   ᥢ砩 ᥫ:
         LD        A,#A5
         CALL      STACK_A
         RST       #28
         DEFB      #2F
         DEFB      #1D
         DEFB      #38
         RET


                            - 64 -

       ணࠬ  頥  ।  ᥢ砩  ᫮  
設 ⥪   ⥬ ६ SEED.

            8.8 ⥫ ⥬ 楤

SET_MIN            #16B0 (5808)
                 - ந     ࠡ ⥩
                   ⥬ BASIC,   ⠪ ⥪ .  
                     ⥬  ६, 㪠뢠騥
                     ᮮ⢥騥    .  ᪨
                    ⮫쪮  ,    
                   㪠⥫  .

MAKE_ROOM          #1655 (5717)
                 - 뢠 , ᫥  ॣ  HL    
                    砫 筮 ,   BC -  ࠧ
                   .   楤 ᠬ  ⠭, 
                   ⥬ ६   㥬 
                      砥   室       .
                   ⥫쭮,       ᪠   ⠢    
                    ணࠬ   BASIC     
                   ६  ஢, ६  ..

RECLAIM_2          #19E8 (8168)
                 - ⭠ ।饩 㭪.   HL -
                       ࢮ  ,     室
                   ,      BC  -  ࠧ  ࠥ  .
                   ,    ०,  ᮮ⢥騥 ⥬
                   ६  ⮬᪨ ஢.

CLEAR_BUFF         #0EEF (8815)
                 - 楤 頥  ਭ   
                   易   ⥬ ६.

LINE_ADDR          #196E (6510)
                 - ᪠   ப      ஬ 
                   ணࠬ  BASIC. । 맮  HL 
                    ࠧ᪨ ப.  室  HL 
                    ⮩ ப  ࢮ  訬  ஬.
                   ᫨  ப      ஬  ,  
                   ᨣ ⠭ 㪠⥫ Z.

FREE_MEM           #1F1A (7962)
                 - । ᢮       BASIC,
                   ..   STKEND   RAMTOP.   HL   BC
                   ᮤঠ       ᠬ  ⥫쭮   ᫮,
                   ।⠢               2,
                   饥  ࠧ楩     STKEND+80      SP
                   (㪠⥫ ⥪  Z80).

BREAK_KEY          #1F54 (8020)
                 -  뢠  ஢ન ६  
                    CS  BREAK. ᫨  ,  㪠⥫
                   C 㫥.



                            - 65 -

                      9. 訡  ⥬

       樮   ⥬       BASIC    
ZX-Spectrum 믮 ॢ室  ࠡ,    ᬮ 㡥
 ᪮쪨 訡.

                      9.1 訡 

       ᮬ  #3200  饭  祭  #E1    #DA.   
१   ᫥ ,  ਢ   訡
㣫. ᫥⢨ 訡  ணࠬ:

                   10  LET A=A/B
                   20  IF A THEN GO TO 10
                   30  PRINT "祭 "

     ᪠    祭ﬨ A=1   B=3, १ ᥪ㭤  砥
 "祭 ". ᪠     祭ﬨ A=1   B=2
横, .. Spectrum ⠥,  2^-128=2^-128/2.

                      9.2 訡 "-65536"

      ⨫ 筮  ।⠢ ⮣ ᫠.  
ࠧ  ࠭  ।⠢  饩 ⮩, 㣮 -  
楫 ᫮        2. ᫥⢨  筮
,  ਬ,  믮 ४⨢: PRINT -65536.  
࠭  ᫮ -1.

                      9.3 訡 CHR$ 8.

       ࠢ騩  ᨬ    ६     
          ।饩  ப.    ⠪  
ந室  ப 1...23,    砫 1- ப    0-
३  .      䥪⠬    ᥡ  졠
ᤢ     (0,0).

                       9.4 訡 CHR$ 9

      ᨬ   ᤢ   ࠢ     .
, , 饭  쥧 訡:   室 
믮,         뫨   ஢  ⥬
६.

                 9.5 訡 "Press any key..."

        Spectrum 뢠 ࠡ    ⮫窠
⨥      짮⥫.  訡    ⮬, 
  ॠ    CS    SS,      ࠧ
ॠ.

              9.6 訡 㪠⥫ 饩 ப

     ⨬,  ᫥ ப   ணࠬ    1000.
 ⨨  1001   "ENTER",   ⥬ CS/1,     ࠭
㤥  ᪮஢  ப  1000,       㪠⥫ 饩


                            - 66 -

ப,  ।  室 㤠.

                       9.7 訡 DELETE

      㤠 ᮤন   ࠭   CS/1  
    ࠭  ᪮   ⥪  ப  ணࠬ   
    ஫쭮 ࠧ ⮩  . ॡ
  "ENTER".

                  9.8 訡  ஡

       祢  ᫮    ६  ᢥ稢   ᥣ
⤥  ஡    ।.  ஡,   ਬ,
믮

                   PRINT CHR$ 255:CHR$ 13:CHR$ 255

                      9.9 訡 ० K

     ᫥      ० K     㤥ঠ   ⮬
,  稭 ࠧ.    L  
C,   ६ ⠥ ᨬ  ० K.


                      9.10 訡 SCREEN$

      祩 #2750  室 #C9  #C3.   १
ணࠬ   ᫠ 12 뢥 22:

         10 PRINT "1234567890"
         20 LET A$=SCREEN$(0,0)+SCREEN$(0,1)
         30 PRINT A$

    㤨⥫    稬,  ᫨    ப 20
襬  +SCREEN$(0,2)+SCREEN$(0,4).  ६  ਬ   祭
"55".  訡  ,   A$ 祭  SCREEN$(0,I)
 ।,    ࠦ.

                       9.11 訡 STR$

       ᫠ -1<X<1,   ࠢ묨 0,  "" 
  "஦૨"     STR$.  ஡   믮
᫥騥 ४⨢:
         PRINT "ALA"+"BUM CUK CUK"+STR$ .001
         PRINT 7+VAL STR$ .001
        ࠭  㤥  ⮫쪮  .001.     
Spectrum.

                       9.12 訡 CLOSE

     ⪠ ⪫祭 ⮪ 4...15      祭
  । 䥪⠬  ⮬ ⥬ ⥫쭮. 
 ⮬,     ROM   ⠡, ᮤঠ饩      
ᮬ #1716 뫨 ࠧ 㪠⥫  ⠡.



                            - 67 -

                        9.13 訡 RET

        㤭   樨 訡.   
    ZX-BASIC  ணࠬ   設 ,  뢠
१ USR K.  । ⮬    ⠭
  ॣ஢  H'L'.  ᫨    ᯮ짮    ணࠬ   
஢,   ,   ந      ZX-BASIC -
 . 筮 㯠 ᠭ ⥬,   ᥣ.

                        9.14 訡 NMI

        쥧  訡. ४祭    
  #006D  맢  ,    Spectrum   ﭨ ਭ
㦨騬 ணࠬ ᪨஢ 뢠   楤
짮⥫.    뢠      ஢, 
⮢ ⥬ 室   0.    
஫㥬  ⥬ ᫥  ᡮ,  ⠪   ॠ
㣨  ⥩  .  ࠭  ⮩  訡 ॡ
  ண ࠡ⮪.

                      9.15 訡 PAUSE N

     ஡   樥 PAUSE  砥   ⮬,    
ᥣ 믮. 訡  楤, 㦨饩  㡫஢
,  ਢ    ⮬,      ⨨  - 
।⢥   ।   믮    樨   PAUSE,    
. ਬ:
         10 PRINT " ,   "
         20 FOR I=1 TO 500:NEXT I
         30 BEEP 1,10
         40 PAUSE 0
         50 PRINT ""
  ணࠬ          ⢮     
ப 40.

                        9.16 訡 CLS

      祭 ⥬  ६ DF_SZ<2 㤭  ਭ
१ ⮩      ࠭.   DF_SZ=1   
 ⢥,   DF_SZ=0  㦥 ࠣ.

     ,  ਢ 祭 뢠 ""
 ணࠬ஢  ZX Spectrum.
