         Ŀ
                                                                      
                                                                      
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                                "ZX - SPECTRUM"                       
                                                                      
                                                                      
                            ୠ   䨪                    
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                ᪢ - 1992                         
                                                                      
         
+                                     - 2 -

                                   

             ⮩ ............................................  4

         1. ୠ 䨪  ..........................  7
            1.1. ............................................  7
            1.2. ᪫ ࠭....................................  9
              1.2.1. ᪫ 䠢⭮-஢ ࠭............  9
              1.2.2. ᪫ ࠭  䨪 ᮪ ࠧ襭.. 13
              1.2.3. ᪫ ࠭ 梥⮢ ਡ⮢............. 14
              1.2.4. ᭮ ஡  ࠡ  䨪......... 17
            1.3.  ᨪ, 易  䨪............... 19
              1.3.1.  ࠢ 梥⮬  ० ..... 19
              1.3.2.   ᪨ ਬ⨢........... 30
              1.3.3.   ᪠஢ ࠭................. 33
            1.4  䨪 짮⥫................................ 38
              1.4.1.   䨪 짮⥫.................. 38
              1.4.2.   ᨬ 䨪 짮⥫... 41

         2. ୠ 䨪  設 .................... 46
            2.1  ⨥    ⮪......................... 47
            2.2    ࠭  設 ................... 51
              2.2.1.  ᥫ.................................... 51
              2.2.2.  ᨬ ப......................... 53
              2,2.3.  ᮢ................................. 55
            2.3. ᯮ짮 ࠢ ..................... 56
            2.4. 㣨 ਥ ࠢ .................... 61
            2.5. ࣠ ࠭ ......................... 63
            2.6. ࠢ 梥⮬ ........................... 72
            2.7. ⥫  128- 設.... 73
            2.8.     設 ........... 78
              2.8.1. ⪠ ࠭.................................. 78
              2.8.2. ஫....................................... 79
              2.8.3. ६ প.............................. 80
              2.8.4. ࠦ 祪............................... 81
              2.8.5. ᮢ ................................. 82
              2.8.6. ᮢ 㣨.................................. 82
              2.8.7. ᮢ 㦭⥩........................... 83
+                                    - 3 -


              2.8.8. ஢ ࠭............................. 83
            2.9. ⮤  ᮢ  ࠭  
                  न⠬................................ 86
              2.9.1.    ᯫ 䠩 (न
                       )........................... 86
              2.9.2.    䠩 ਡ⮢................. 89
              2.9.3.    ᯫ 䠩 (न
                       ᥫ).............................. 92
            2.10  ᠫ쭠 ணࠬ ᪠஢ ࠭........ 98

         3. ࠪ⨪  䨪  設  ...................107
              3.1  ⠭ ଠ 㭪樨 짮⥫...........109
              3.2. ⪠   ࠭.....................112
              3.3. 訢   梥⮬ INK.............116
              3.4. 訢   梥⮬ PAPER...........121
              3.5. ⠡ 㢥祭 ⥪.  
                   ਧ⠫.......................................126
              3.6. ⠡ 㢥祭 ⥪.  
                   ⨪.........................................137
              3.7.  祪  ࠭............................145
              3.8. ᮢ ...................................152
              3.9. ࠦ אַ㣮쭨.......................165
             3.10. ࠦ 㣮쭨.........................170
             3.11. 訢 ..............................173
             3.12.  ࠦ.............................184
             3.13. 祭 ࠦ............................188
             3.14.  ࠭.................................201
             3.15.  ࠭...............................206

                   祭........................................208







+                                  - 4 -


                                  

              ⮢ ᮭ  ⨯ "ZX-Spectrum" (-
          Sinclair) -     ᠬ ୥   襩
         ࠭        砩.    ६   뫨  ᠬ묨
         묨   .    ᫥  ।   易  
         ᪨ ﬨ.  ⨣ ࠢ⥫쭮  묨
         孨᪨ ।⢠,   ⠪,    
             ᯮᮡ  㤮⢮    ॡ
         쥧  짮⥫  ,  ᬮ   稥 ।
         ࠭祭,    ⫨  ࠢ⥫쭮 ⮩ 㯠,
          ।     ஬ ⮢   ⮩
         ୠ⨢  ண,    ᫮ .

              ୠ 䨪 -    ணࠬ ᯥ-
         ,  ॡ 襭 த⢨   
          樮 ⥬,  ⠪  ⥫ ᮢ
         ⨢ .  ᪠,  ஥ ,   -
          ࠡ⠥    -     ।   
          祪  ७   ᠬ ⥫  ⨦   
         䨪   "㬥", 筮,  ॠ    , 
         ணࠬ஢  設   Z-80,   -
          楬 襣 .

                 ६,  ४᭮ ,  ணࠬ஢
          設     ⠫ 饤㯭, ᮡ   ,
           ਮ५     蠣 ᠬࠧ-
         .     த ।.   뢠
         ।  宫  ᫮   室
           ࠡ  設   ਤ ⮩  ᯥ樠
         ,    㤮⢮   ,   
         㡮   ࠡ   ஬, ⠪   ,    
          - ࢮ ⢮  設.

              ᮡ ࠧ ⠢  㬥⠫  -
         ࠬ  ।⢠,  ਢ    쥩    . 
         ,   ஭, ࠪ⨪㬮  ,  ᠬ⥫-
+                                  - 5 -

          砥 ਠ,    㣮 -   饬 짮⥫
         室  ணࠬ  㬥⮢,    
          ᬮ ந  稢 ᢮ ணࠬ.

                 ਠ  "",   ᤥ   -
         ⢥ 祡 ᮡ  ᠬࠧ.  ⮬ ᫥  
          祭  ᠬᯥ祭 .   த-
          ࠡ   ᠬ  ୮ 䨪     ࠧ⨥
         ⥬  訥  ᪠ ᫥騥 ⮬ ਨ:

              .2  -  "ਪ  䨪".     ᬮ७ 
         ⭮ ਬ 䨪  , , ,
         ஢    ணࠬ.  ᬮ७ ஢,  ୠ,
         筠, 嬥ୠ, ⥭ 䨪  .

              .3 - "᪠ 䨪" - ᬮ७   -
         樨 ᪨ ࠦ. ᭮ ࠢ -   ᮧ-
            ஢ ணࠬ.

              .4. -  "   ணࠬ" -  ᥭ ⮣,  
         祬 ⥫ 襫, ࠡ  묨 ⮬ ਨ.

               ࠧ, । 襬   "ୠ
         䨪"   ⮫쪮   ⮫쪮 ᠬ⥫  祡-
          ᮡ,  ⠪  ⮤᪮   ᫥
         .   뢠   ,   ,   ࠢ 
         , ਮ  ᫥騥 ⮬.

               ࠡ         㣮
          "ᮭ  ZX-SPECTRUM. ணࠬ஢ 
         設 ".     ᪠   ⮬  
         ⪨  ⥫ ⮣  㦥 ᬮ   -
          ਮ  ᨮ쭮 ࠡ  ஬. 
          ⮢, ⨫   뫠 稪   -
         ७    , ᮤঠ饥     
         ⮬ (271 .).

             1 - " 蠣  設 ".
+                                  - 6 -

             2 - "ࠪ⨪  ணࠬ஢  設 ".
             3 - "ࠢ筨  ணࠬ஢  設 ".

                   ,  ⠪   ࣠-
         権, ᯮᮡ    ࠭  ᢮  -
             ਣ- (⠢  ᪥-
          MS DOS   IBM-ᮢ⨬ ).    ।ﬨ  -
           :

                  121019, ᪢, -19, / 16, "".


                               Postscriptum
                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

         ͻ     ६  ६  襩   -
                      ⠪  ન R.I.  
                         ᨣ RARE INFORMATION -  -
                     .    饭: "-  
                     ,    "? - ⠪ , 
         ͼ   ᫥⢨ 㤥    
          ᪠ 祣- 祭 㦭,  ઠ  .

         ͻ
                   
                             S.I. - SYSTEM INFORMATION -  
                          -   ࠢ筠  ଠ
                          ⥬.   祬 ⭮,  -
                               㤥     ࠧ  
                   .
         ͼ







+                                  - 7 -


                      I.    

                              1.1.  

              ,      ᥩ  ᨤ  ।  ࠭  ᢮
          (⥫)  ⠥   ⢥    - 
          ⠪ ந室,    ᯮᮡ ᮧ   ࠭
         㤨⥫ 梥  ࠦ,   묨   ।
         ⠫   ஢ ணࠬ     室  
         ⮣, ⮡ ᤥ  ᠬ?

              ⢥,     ࠤᠫ쭮,  ᠬ   . 
          ,  ࠦ  ࠭ ⮨   
         祪,      -   , 祢 ,
             ⨢ ,    ⪮
          祥. ⮬ 㦭 ⮫쪮 ,  易  
         ⮣ ࠭,     । ᮡ,   祩 -
         ⨢    ࠢ ࠦ, 뫠  
         祩    ᫠      .  -
         祭  ᮢ      ࠭   ,
          ᭠砫  ⠭    ᮡ   ""-
         ᮢ⨬ ஢.

              ࠪ୮ ᮡ  設  ,  ࠭
         ६      ᨬ   ᪨.  
         ६  ࠭    - ஬ PRINT  
         ᮢ -, ਬ ஬ PLOT.

              ࠢ PRINT  "."    PLOT  10,150.    ⮬    㣮
         砥    ࠭    窠,     ࢮ 砥 㤥
         ⠭ ᨬ "窠", ࠧ ண 쬥  ,  
         ஬  砥  窠  㤥  ᮢ ᮣ᭮ 襩 
         PLOT.  ,    ,   㤨,   窨 ᯮ
         㦨     ࠭,    ᠬ    
               .   設⢥ 設  
         ६ ந  ࠭  ᨬ   -
           ଠ.       ᮢ襭 ࠧ ०
+                                  - 8 -

         ࠡ. ⮡  ᨬ   祭  "ᨬ-
         " ࠭,   ⮡  ᮢ -,    ,
           祭 ᪨ ࠭      ࠭
            㦨. 筮,  ணࠬ 室   ஡
            ᪨ ०  ᨬ ⮦  ࠦ, , 㡮
         ,   "",  ""  ᯥ樠쭮 ᮧ
          ⮩ 楫 ணࠬ (⠪ 뢠 ࠩ஬ ࠭).

              ⠪,     ६ ࠡ    ᨬ-
         쭮  ०      ᪮.   ᠫ쭮 㤮⢮,
         ஥    뫮  業  ந⥫ﬨ ணࠬ
         ᯥ祭    ,  ࢮ砫쭮 ।砢訩 
         祭  誮쭨  ᭮  ணࠬ஢,    砩訥
         ப  ᭠饭  ᥢ ணࠬ   ॢ-
         襫 ᠬ ᬥ  ᢮ ࠧࠡ稪. ,  ᪠-
         騥  ணࠬ  ᯥ祭  筮  뫨  ᮢ 
         ࠡ  ᠬ  . 㯠⥫,  ᢮  -
         ।, 뫨 ᮢ  ਮ⥭   ᯥ祭
         ணࠬ 設,       ୮.    த
         ⨢  䥪      ⥫쭮  ⥯    易 
         ᮡﬨ ࠭ .

              , 祢, ,       ࠭ 
         32 ᨬ  ⠪ 冷    22-.  砥,  
         ࠭  ࠧ襭 32 X 22 ᨬ.    ६,  -
         ,   ࠭   256 祪   ਧ⠫   172 窨 
         ⨪,     ࠡ  䨪   ࠧ ᯮ-
         ᮡ 256 X 172.  ࠡ  뢠 ࠡ⮩  -
         䨪 ᮪ ࠧ襭     "᮪ 䨪"  
         ⫨稥  ᨬ쭮 䨪.

               ⥯, ० 祬  ।,   ᬮਬ
         ᪫ ࠭   ६ ਬ  ନ-
         , ⮡   ࠭ ⮩  ᫥  㯮-
         ॡ  ନ.



+                                  - 9 -

                          1.2     

                 1.2.1. ᪫ 䠢⭮-஢ ࠭.
                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                ᪠,   ࠭    22- ᨬ-
          冷.    ᮢᥬ ⠪.   ᠬ     ࠭
           筮  24- ᨬ 冷,  ᫨  ࠡ-
           ,   稭 ⮩  ணࠬ-,
          ""    ,    ᯮ   2
         鸞  ᮡ⢥ ᮮ饭  .     ᮮ饭
          訡   ⭮ ᮮ饭 "O.K."  ⮬,   
         浪.    鸞 뢠 ⥬ ,   -
          22 ப -  ࠭.
                  Ŀ
                                                          
                                ࠭              
                                                          
                            (22 ᨬ 鸞)          
                                                          
                                                          
                                                          
                  Ĵ
                    ⥬  (2 ᨬ 鸞)    
                  
                                   . 1

               ⮬-  砥,   ࠡ   
         㯭 ⮫쪮 22 ᨬ 鸞   176 祪   ⨪
          ࠡ  䨪.

              ᫨    ࠡ⠫  設  ,     ⪫-
               ⮣   ᯮ짮   24
         ᨬ 鸞  192 窨  ⨪  ࠡ   -
          ᮪ ࠧ襭,   ⮬  ᬮ    -
         饭     室 ࠡ  ணࠬ    訡
         ਢ    "ᠭ" ணࠬ,    .

                ⨩ ਠ,   ࠡ⠥   ,
+                                  - 10 -

           ᪮७     権   ࠭ ਬ
         ᢮ 楤, ᠭ  設 ,  ⮬   -
         頥   (⠪ 室   ᬮਬ   3).  
         ⮬ 砥  ⠪  ⠢  2 鸞    
         ண .

                  ⢥  室,   ᠭ  -
         ࠬ    ᨬ     ᯮ
          設 ,   饭 ࠦ ᪨  -
         ⨢ (祪, ,  , 㦭⥩)   ᯮ ⠭-
          楤  ,  뢠   ⭮   
         (ਥ     2).  ⮬ 砥   ⠪ 
         ࣠    ⥬  ,  ᪮   楤 
         ஢ न 樨      ࠡ  ⥬,  
            ।ᬮ७.

                 㤥 ᬠਢ  ࠭ 騬     
         24- 冷, ,     㯭 ⮫쪮 22.

                   0 XĿ
                                         X            
                     XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX - 
                                          X
                                         X            
                                          X
                                         X            
                  23                     X            
                     X
                     0                               31
                                            
                                  . 2

              ⠪, ࠭ ⮨  24- ᨬ 冷  32 ᨬ
          .  㬥 ᢥ    0  23-.   㣮
         ஭,   ,  ࠭ ⮨  32-  ⮫殢,
          㬥 ᫥ ࠢ  0  31-.   ࠧ,
            न⠬ (0,0)   ࠭    ࠧ襭
         室   孥 㣫.
+                                  - 11 -

              ᪮     ᯮ  32- ᨬ,
          ,    ᮤন 32 .

                  Ŀ
                   X  X ........... X  ................... 
                  
                  0     1                                     31
                                          
                                  . 3

              ᬮਬ ⥯,   ।⠢  ᥡ  -
         .  ⮨  8   8 祪  .   窨
         뢠 ᥫ (PICture CELL).
                  Ŀ
                   X  X  X  X  X  X  X  X     
                  Ĵ
                                          
                  Ĵ
                                          
                  Ĵ
                                          
                  Ĵ
                                          
                  Ĵ
                                          
                  Ĵ
                                          
                  Ĵ
                         X                
                  
                            
                              
                               .4

                    ࠭  襣 ᯫ
         ᮮ⢥    ⨢  襣 .
          ࠧ,  ⮣, ⮡   ଠ, ᮤ-
            , 室  8 ⮢  -
+                                  - 12 -

         ⨢ .   㣮  ஭, ⮡    ࠭
          ,   ⠭ ᮤন 쬨 ⮢
         . ,    㦥  ਬ  -
         , ᪮     ⮫쪮   ,     ,  
          㤠   8 ⮢,   ࠭  ࠦ
         ⠭ ᨬ, ਬ 㪢 "A".  8 ⮢,   -
          ந ࠦ  ᨬ,    뢠 
         ᨬ.

              ᫨  -    ,    ⠪ ᥫ? 
         ୮ ,    ⮨   쬨 ⮢,   
            祭  몫祭 (ࠢ    -
         ). ⮬  ᥫ    ᮮ⢥    
         . 砥,     祭 ⮢  । -
          祭 ᥫ  .

              ᫨, ਬ,  ࠢ 175,   ⮢ ᪫
         ⠪:
                        128 64  32   16  8   4   2   1
                       Ŀ
                        1  0  1  0  1  1  1  1 
                       
                 175 =  128  +  32  +    8 + 4 + 2 + 1

                                   . 5

              襭 ⢥,      ,  ன
         ᮮ⢥  175, 㤥  :

                       Ŀ
                        X     X     X  X  X  X 
                       
                                            
               몫祭 ᥫ          祭 ᥫ

                                    . 6

              ࠢ .5  . 6  㡥   ᮮ⢥⢨.
+                                  - 13 -

                  ⮫㫨    ᭮ ᮡ.  
         ⮬,    ᪨  ࠡ,   ⫨稥  ⥬᪨,
         ,   祭   ,    ⮢ -
         ,     ࠡ뢠    ᮮ⢥⢨  
         ᢮ 祭ﬨ,   ᮮ⢥⢨  ᢮ 樥.

                 ᭮ ⥫⢮,  易
          ᮡ 蠡 ⠭  ᨬ.   ⮬,  
          ⮣, ⮡ ⥪  ࠭  ⠫,  ᨬ
           - . ⮬   8 X 8  ࠢ
          ᥫ  ᨬ   ࠢ 몫祭.    -
         ,     ࠢ ᥫ 몫祭   ᮮ⢥-
            ᠬ 訩  ࠢ  (..5). ᫨ 
           ࠢ ,    㤥  ⮫쪮 ⭮  -
         . ⮬, ᫨  ᬮ 設  ଥ  -
         ࠬ   ᫥⥫쭮  ᪮쪨 ⥭  
         ⮢,    㢥७ ।,    ᯮ-
           蠡  ⮢  .   ᥬ 㤭 
         -ணࠬ   ᪠, ᪠,  ⨤ ⨢
           ⮢   ।,    室
           (  ⮬  砥  㫥    ⮦  ᫮ ⭥ᥬ 
         ).

              ⠫  ᫥   ⮬,  梥 
         祭 ᥫ   梥   ࠭ ᥫ,  
         몫祭.   ⮫쪮,  祭 ᥫ   梥
         INK,   몫祭 -  梥 PAPER   ୥   ⮬ ,
          㤥  梥⮬.

              1.2.2. ᪫ ࠭  䨪 ᮪ ࠧ襭.
              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              ਤ    ਭ ࠭  256 (32 X 8)
         ᥫ - ⠪ ਭ ࠭  "᮪" 䨪.

                鸞  ᥬ ᥫ   -
            192 ᥫ   ⨪,  ᪮   
         ப   㯭,  ,  ।  ࠧ
          ⨪ ࠢ 22 X 8 = 176 ᥫ.
+                                  - 14 -

               砫  ਭ   㣮  -
         ࠭ (   ᫮ "",   ⥬
          뢠).

             175  Ŀ
                   .                                      
                   .            ࠭              
                   .                                      
                   .    (176 祪  ⨪,          
                   .     256 祪  ਧ⠫)        
                   .                                      
               0   . .................................... 
                  Ĵ
                    ⥬  (2 ᨬ 鸞)    
                                                        
                   0                                      255
                               . 7

               ࠧ, 窠  न⠬ (0,0), ᫨  
          ᥫ, ।    㣮  ࠭.  
         䠪,  ⨪쭠  न    뢠
         ᢥ ,   ᥫ -  ᭨    ਢ-
           ⠭ 稭 ணࠬ⮢, 祬  ஬ -
         ⨪   室.

               祭 ⮣ ࠣ   ࠢ  ਪ
         ᪮쪮 ⮢ ⨢  室  ࠭  -
         ᥫ쭮 (஬ -   梥) ࠦ  ᥣ ࠭.
         ᫨      室 ᥬ ⮢,   
         ࠭  - 32 X 8 = 256 ⮢,    ࠭ - 24 X  256
         = 6144 .

                  1.2.3. ᪫ ࠭ 梥⮢ ਡ⮢.
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                 ᮡ ""-ᮢ⨬  ஢
            室 .   ᠬ,  易 
         梥⮬.   ⮬,  ᫨     ᢮  梥,
           ⨢      㦥      襥 
+                                  - 15 -

         ⠭. ⮬   뫮  ਭ 쭮  襭 - 梥
         ᤥ    ࠧ襭.       
          ⮫쪮  梥 INK ( 祭 ᥫ)   
         梥 PAPER ( 몫祭).  ,     
               梥⮢ ६.    
         ?

              ᪮  ᥣ  ⮫쪮 8 梥⮢,    
         梥 INK    筮  ⮢:

                                                   1
               Ŀ
                 0  =     000     -             BLACK     
                 1  =     001     -  ᨭ            BLUE      
                 2  =     010     -            RED       
                 3  =     011     -          MAGENTA   
                 4  =     100     -            GREEN     
                 5  =     101     -  㡮          CYAN      
                 6  =     110     -             YELLOW    
                 7  =     111     -              WHITE     
               
               뫨  ࠭    砩,   室   
         ᮮࠦ,    ࠭ ୮- ⥫   
         -    ࠧ,    ࠧ  ⥭ ண, 
         -,   મ   ୮     ⥯
         .

              筮 ⠪      8 梥⮢ PAPER  ⮦  -
         筮  ⮢   . ᫨ ⥯  -
          ⢥     ࠭ ࠬ஢ 梥  (
           8 ⮢),  ⠥   ᢮ ⮢,  
          ⤠  ਧ મ  (BRIGHT),   㣮 - ਧ
          (FLASH).   ࠧ,      
          ⠭ ᢮  梥 INK, ᢮  梥 PAPER   ᢮ ०
         BRIGHT    FLASH.      ࠬ  뢠   梥⮢묨
         A.

              ᯮ짮  ਡ  BRIGHT  ⭮   ७
+                                  - 16 -

          梥⮢    ࠧ,         16
         梥⮢. 業 ⥯ 室   梥⮢ ਡ:
              24 鸞  32  = 768 ⮢ - ᮢ襭 ⮦-
          室    ⠪ ⢠ ᮪, ஥   -
         ।    ஢ ணࠬ.

              ᫥ 室  "㬮"  뫮 ।  -
          뢠.  樨 梥⭮ 䨪 ᮪
         ࠧ襭    ⠪  ⮦  室   -  
         ⨦ (   筮  뢠 ,  .. 梥
           ᮪  ࠧ襭,  ⮫쪮      
         ᮪ ࠧ襭 ᥫ쭮 䨪).

              騩 室      ࠭   梥⮬  ⠢:
         6144  +  768  =  6912  ⮢,  -   祭  祭  
         ࠢ  設 ७⮢.

               ⨬ 䠪⮬  뫠   ᮡ.  -
         ᪮   ࠭祭 ᪮ ࠡ,  -
          (ந) ࠭   ⥬ ॥, 祬   -
            ࠭    ⮬  , ᪠騥 -
         ࠬ ᯥ祭,  ᬮ ᢮  䨪
             ॢ室    ⥬  ६ ᯥ客  樨
         ࠦ (⠪   뢠 ⨯).

              ⠪,   ਡ⮢ ᮮ⢥  -
          ࠭    ଠ   梥 INK, PAPER   ਧ
         BRIGHT  FLASH.  ⮬ ⮢ ᪫  ࠬ஢  
          룫廊 ⠪:

                7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
                       ͻ
         ࠬ       F  B  P  P  P  I  I  I 
                       ͼ

                                 .  8


+                                  - 17 -

                  1.2.4. ᭮ ஡  ࠡ  䨪.
                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              筮  ᠬ  ஡  ࠡ  䨪  -
             㤮⢥ ⠫   ⢮᪮ 孮 ,
             祬  ᬮ - ᠬ   , ⠪ 
            㤥 ,      ,  ᫨ 
         ,  ஡㥬   ,  ⢮᪮  孮-
           ய⫨  ⮤ ஡  訡.   ⠭-
            ணࠬ᪨ ஡, 易  䨪.

              1. த⢨.    䨪 ॡ  ன -
         ॡ᪨ ⥫ ꥬ ଠ樨 (⮢)   
         ⪮ ⨢   㣨.     ਬ-
          楤, ᠭ  設   אַ 饭
          楤ࠬ, ᮤঠ騬  .

              2.  ஡ - ࠭祭 ꥬ  .
           ᪨ ࠦ ॡ  ꥬ ,
         室    .   ਥ  졥   ⮩
         ஡.  -,    ᯮ짮   䨪 
          ࠭,  ⮫쪮    (室    
         ⨦ ⠢  ). -,   --
            ਬ ᫨⥫     ᮧ
         ᪨ ࠧ -  ⮬ 砥 ᪮ ࠦ  
         ࠭      뤠    㦭  ६  ࠭, 
         ந      (ୠ 䨪)   
          ,   . -,  -⠪  -
          ⪨  ࠦ, ࠭  ⮢   ᪮
         ।, ਬ ⮤ ᨨ  ࠭ 㭪 
         ᨨ  뤠   ࠭.

              3.    ஡     ணࠬ᪮. 
         ⮨    ⮬,           ࠭
         ᮮ⢥  ⨢ . 㡮 ,  
                     न⠬    ࠭
         ᮮ⢥.    ᪮  न       
             ᥫ,   䠪᪨   ஡  
           ,    ᫨     梥⮢ ਡ,  
+                                  - 18 -

         ਦ.

              ,   ᮮ⢥⢨   筮.  
          ⮤  ਥ,        -
              न⠬,   ਥ 
         ,         -
         ⨢   ।  ⨬ ᠬ.

               , ᫨   ࠡ⠥  ,    ᥡ
         ⨬   .    PRINT AT, PLOT  x,y,
         DRAW...  ..    ,  ""  ,  ᠬ
         ⠥,  㦭    祩  ᫠,  ⮡ 
          ࠭ 稫  ,  .  ᥬ  ,  ᫨ 
         㤥 ࠡ  設  - ⮣ ⠩    -
           ⮩ ,   ୥  .























+                                  - 19 -

                  1.3    ,   .

                1.3.1  ࠢ 梥⮬  ० .

                              CLS   (CLEAR SCREEN).
                              ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                㦨  ⪨ ࠭.   ᮤ-
          祥  ⮩   ,   ன ࠭  ࠭
         ࠦ ( 16384  22527).  ࠧ,  १  
         ࠡ   ࠭ ࠥ  ᥫ쭮 ࠦ.   ᪮쪮
         -㣮  室   梥⮢묨 ਡ⠬.   १
         ⮩  梥   ⮫쪮 ,    -
         .      ⮬,    ଠ   梥 祭 (INK) 
         몫祭  (PAPER)  ᥫ    ௠  ⥬
         ६  ATTR_P  (23693  =  5C8DH),    ன  ⠭
         "ﭭ" 祭  ਡ⮢.  (뢠   "६"
         祭,    ᪠  ). ଠ,  ஬ -
         ਡ INK, PAPER, BRIGHT  FLASH ࠭  ⥬ ६-
          ATTR_P ᮮ⢥  8.

             祭   CLS ᯮ   ⮣, ⮡ -
          ࠭,    ⮣, ⮡ ⠭   ࠭ ﭭ
         梥⮢  ਡ.      ⮩  楫  CLS ப
         ਬ   ப -ணࠬ, ਬ:

                           10 INK 6: PAPER 1:
                           20 CLS
                           ..................

                                   INK n
                                   ~~~~~
                㦨   梥,    ࠭
         ࠦ ᨬ   ᪨  -   ᫮,
           ।  梥  祭  ᥫ. ᫥  INK
           ࠬ n,     楫  ᫮,
         ⠪  ࠦ.   ࠬ  梥    ਭ
         祭  0  9.   INK  0  7   祭 梥⮢
           ⠡. 1  .17.    INK 8  INK 9.
+                                  - 20 -

               INK 8 뢠 "࠭ᯠ࠭".  ⮬ 砥 ᨬ
          ࠭ ⠥  ⥬ 梥⮬,  ⢮  
             ⮩  .  祭  㤮,   -
             ⮢  梥⭮  ࠦ.      
           १  梥.

               INK 9 뢠 "".  ⮬ 砥 ᨬ 
         ࠭  ⠥    ⠪  梥⮬,  訬 ࠧ
             ⥬  梥⮬  PAPER,     
            .  ⮦ 祭 㤮   
         ⮢ ࠦ.

              ᫨ ᬮ  . 8,  ,    梥
         INK  ᯮ      ,     
          梥   0   7.  ⠥ ᮬ   ࠭
         梥 INK 8  INK 9.

               ࠭ ﭭ "࠭ᯠ࠭" ਡ⮢, 㦨
         ⥬ ६ MASK_P (23694 = 5C8EH).     
         祭    ,     ᮮ⢥   "࠭ᯠ࠭"
         ਡ⠬. ,   INK  8      0...2 (
          ).

                ⮣,  ⮡        ⮬,   ࠫ
         ﭭ  梥  INK  "",  㦨  㣠 ⥬
         ६ - P_FLAG  (23697 = 5C91H).      ⮣ 뤥
         5- ,  砥    INK 9.

               INK  ਬ  ᯮᮡ. -,
            ᠬ⥫쭮    ⮬ 砥 뢠-
          ⥫쭮 ⢨ -  ⮫쪮     
          ᮢ,     ᫥騥,   㤥  .
          ⠪   ᮤন 㯮⮩   ⥬-
          ६ ATTR_P  (23693 = 5C8DH),  ।饩 ⠭
         "ﭭ" 梥⮢ ਡ⮢.

              -,    INK       ᠬ⥫쭮
         ,    PRINT.  ⮬ 砥 INK 뢠 
+                                  - 21 -

         ,  "䨪஬   PRINT".    
           "ﭭ"   祭  梥⮢   ਡ,      ⮫쪮
         "६",      ⮫쪮    
         PRINT  . "६"  祭 ࠭  㣮  ⥬
         ६ -  ATTR_T (23695  = 5C8FH),   ଠ    
         (. .  8). INK  n   ⢥ 䨪  PRINT ॡ,
         ⮡ ᫥  易⥫쭮 﫠 窠  ⮩.

              ࠢ:
                          10 INK 7: PRINT "ZX-Spectrum"
              
                          10 PRINT INK 7; "ZX-Spectrum"

              । "६" ਡ   ⮫쪮  ࠬ-
         ஬ n  0   7.  ⠪    梥 "࠭ᯠ-
         ࠭" (INK 8)  "" (INK 9).

               ࠭ ६ "࠭ᯠ࠭" ਡ⮢,  㦨
         ⥬ ६ MASK_T (23696 = 5C90H).     
         祭  ,  ᮮ⢥ "࠭ᯠ࠭"  -
         ⠬. ,  INK 8    0...2.

                ⮣,  ⮡        ⮬,   ࠫ
         ६  梥  INK  "",    ⥬   ६
         P_FLAG (23697 = 5C91H)  뤥  4- ,   砥,
            PRINT 祭 䨪 INK 9; .


                                     PAPER n
                                     ~~~~~~~
               PAPER । 梥 몫祭 ᥫ  -
         .   ⠪   ࠬ n (0...9).    ᪠
            INK ⭮     PAPER.    ⮦
             ᠬ⥫쭮      "ﭭ"
         祭, 騥     ,      , 
            䨪஬  PRINT    ६-
          祭, 騥 ⮫쪮    PRINT.

+                                  - 22 -

         10 PAPER 2: CLS     -          ᠬ⥫쭠 .
         20 PRINT INK 6; PAPER 1; "ZX-SPECTRUM" -  䨪.

                PRINT   ᪮쪮 㣮 䨪-
         ஢ -   ⤥   㣠 窮  ⮩.

              ⢥ ⫨  PAPER   INK ࠦ   ⮬, 
         ଠ   ⠭  ࠭  ⥬ ६  
         ࠧ . ,  梥 PAPER  ⠪:

              ) ﭭ 祭:

                 - ࠬ 梥  0  7 -   3...5 ⥬
                   ६  ATTR_P (23693 = 5C8DH);

                 -  "࠭ᯠ࠭⭮" 梥 PAPER 8  
                   祭  3...5 ⥬ ६
                   MASK_P (23694 =  5C8EH);

                 -  梥 PAPER, ⭮  ⮬ 梥 INK,
                    㦥    , . . 
                    PAPER 9 砥  7 䫠 ⥬
                   ६ P_FLAG (23697 = 5C91H).

              ) ६ 祭:

                 - ࠬ 梥  0  7 -   3...5 ⥬
                   ६  ATTR_T (23695 = 5C8FH);

                 -  PAPER 8   祭  3...5 ⥬
                   ६ MASK_T (23696 =  5C90H);

                 - 祭 PAPER 9 ᮮ⢥ 祭  6
                   ⥬ ६ P-FLAG (23697 = 5C91H).




+                                  - 23 -

                                  BRIGHT n
                                  ~~~~~~~~
                    મ      .
         ࠬ n  ਭ 祭 0,1  8.

              BRIGHT 0 - મ 몫祭.
              BRIGHT 1 - મ 祭.
              BRIGHT 8 - ਡ મ    ᮢ 
                           ⠭ ⠪ ,
                             ⮣.

               ⠪,     PAPER   INK    ᠬ⥫쭮
         ,  饩  ﭭ  祭  ਡ  મ, 
               䨪஬     PRINT     
         ६ 祭.

              ) ﭭ 祭:

                 - ࠬ મ 0  1 - ⠭  6-
                    ⥬ ६  ATTR_P (23693 = 5C8DH);

                 -  "࠭ᯠ࠭⭮" 祭 BRIGHT 8  
                   祭  6 ⥬ ६
                   MASK_P (23694 = 5C8EH);

              ) ६ 祭:

                 - ࠬ મ 0  1 - ࠭  6- 
                   ⥬ ६  ATTR_T (23695 = 5C8FH);

                 -  "࠭ᯠ࠭⭮" 祭 BRIGHT 8  
                   祭  6 ⥬ ६
                   MASK_T (23696 =  5C90H);

                                     FLASH n
                                     ~~~~~~~
                 ०  ᥫ  .
         祭 ᥫ 몫 (ਭ 梥 PAPER),  몫-
+                                    - 24 -

         祭  (ਭ 梥 INK)  ⠪ .  ࠬ
         n,     BRIGHT  ਭ 祭 0,1  8.

              FLASH 0  - ०  ⪫祭.
              FLASH 1  - ०  祭.
              FLASH 8  - ०     ᮢ 
                           ⠭ ⠪ ,
                             ⮣.

               FLASH n  ࠧ뢠 ᠬ⥫
           䨪  PRINT:

              ) ﭭ 祭:

                 - ०  0  1 - ⠭  7-
                    ⥬ ६  ATTR_P (23693 = 5C8DH);

                 -  "࠭ᯠ࠭⭮" 祭 FLASH 8  
                   祭  7 ⥬ ६
                   MASK_P (23694 = 5C8EH);

              ) ६ 祭:

                 - ०  0  1 - ࠭  7- 
                   ⥬ ६  ATTR_T (23695 = 5C8FH);

                 -  "࠭ᯠ࠭⭮" 祭 FLASH 8  
                   祭  7 ⥬ ६
                   MASK_T (23696 =  5C90H);


                                   INVERSE n
                                   ~~~~~~~~~~
               INVERSE  ०    ࠭ "  -
         ᨥ" ᨬ   .   ⫨稥  INK, PAPER,  BRIGHT 
         FLASH     ᮮ⢥饣 梥⮢ ਡ-
         .  ,     ,  -
             ०  INVERSE  ᮮ⢥.   ᫮, 
+                                    - 25 -

         ⮫쪮 ०     ⮣.

              INVERSE 0 - ० 몫祭.
              INVERSE 1 - ० 祭.

                "  ᨥ" 祭 ᥫ  ࠦ
         몫祭묨, ..   梥  PAPER    - 몫祭
         ࠦ 祭묨   梥 INK.

              ,      稥  ᬮ७    ࠢ
         梥⮬,  INVERSE      ﭭ  ⢨   (
         INVERSE  n)    ६  ⢨  (䨪 INVERSE n;
          PRINT).

              ଠ    ⠭  ०  INVERSE ࠭ 
         䫠 ⥬  ६ P_FLAG  (23697 =  5C91H).   2
         ⮩ ६  । ६  ⠭ ०  (0 
         1),   3 - ﭭ ⠭.

                                     OVER n
                                     ~~~~~~
               OVER  ०   ࠭ " "
           .

              OVER 0 - ० 몫祭.
              OVER 1 - ० 祭.

                                                      2
            Ŀ
                                    OR                 XOR        
            Ĵ
               1        0   1   0   1     0   1   0   1  
                                                            
               2        0   0   1   1     0   0   1   1  
                                                            
                  0   1   1   1     0   1   1   0  
            

+                                    - 26 -

               ⢫  ᪮ ਭ樯 "-
          " -  XOR. ᫨  ᮮ⢥  ᥫ
         뫨 몫祭,  १騩 ᥫ - 몫祭.  ᫨ 
          ⠢  ᥫ   祭,   १騩 ⮦
         祭,  ᫨   ᥫ 뫨 祭,   १騩
         몫祭.    ⮬  砥  ⫨稥  ⢨   ᪮
          XOR   OR. ࠢ  ⢨  ⠡ 2.

               ࠧ, ᫨    ० OVER 1  ⠥ 
         ᨬ    ᠬ    ᥡ,     ஡.  ⮬,
         , 砥 쭮 䥪⨢ ਥ ࠭. ,
         筮,  ࠦ   ⠢ ஡,  
           ᥣ . ਬ,   ६  ࠭
         襣   - 䮭. ६饭 ⮨   ᫥-
         ⥫쭮 ᫥ ⢨:

                       -   ⥪饩 न;
                       - ࠭  ⥪饩 न;
                       -   ᥤ न;
                       -  ⠪ .

                 襣    䮭   ᤥ  
         ஡, 稢 ० OVER 1,   ࠭   ஡
             ன,  ..  ""    饥 (䮭)
         ࠦ.      室  ୠ    ⮣  
         ࠦ  ⮬     ० OVER 1.   
         ࠦ  祧,    䮭  (室)  ⠭   
         .

                  INVERSE,       ᮮ⢥饣
         梥⮢ ਡ.  ,     -
         ,    ० OVER ᮮ⢥.   ⮦
         ⮫쪮 ० .   INVERSE,  OVER n   
         ᠬ⥫쭮 ,    ᯮ짮   -
           PRINT.

              ଠ  ⠭  ० OVER ࠭  ⮦ 
         䫠 ⥬ ६ P-FLAG (23697 = 5C91H).  ⠡
+                                    - 27 -

         3 ਢ ⮢  ⮩ ⥬ ६:

                    ᪫ ⥬ ६ P-FLAG.
                                                       3.
              Ŀ
                   祭                ࠪ        
             Ĵ
                0     ⥫ ० OVER     ६       
                1     ⥫ ० OVER     ﭭ      
                2     ⥫ ० INVERSE  ६       
                3     ⥫ ० INVERSE  ﭭ      
                4     ⥫ ० INK 9    ६       
                5     ⥫ ० INK 9    ﭭ      
                6     ⥫ ० PAPER 9  ६       
                7     ⥫ ० PAPER 9  ﭭ      
             

                                   BORDER n
                                   ~~~~~~~~~
               BORDER n  । 梥,    訢
          ࠬ () ࠭.  梥⮢   8.  ⮩
            ࠪ ᮡ,    室
         .

              -,   ࠭,   ⭮    2
         ப ࠭ ("⥬ ",   ஬  ਫ   
         ࠧ 1.2.1), ⮬  ⠭  BORDER 
          ,  룫  2 ப.

              -, 訢  ࠭ ந  ⠪,
          訢 ᠬ ࠭. ᫨  ࠭ ࠬ  梥
            ࠭  ᮮ⢥ 祩 
          楤 , 㦨騥 ࠭, ௠ ଠ  -
         ,    ᯮ   楤ࠬ  ,   묨
         ।⢠.  窨  ७ ⥪   ࠭ -
           譨 ன⢮,    -   ᮢᥬ  -
         , ஥ 祭  १ 譨   254 (FE).   -
         ஡  ᪠  ⮬   3.
+                                    - 28 -

              ⮬       ⮫쪮  -
          BORDER,   뤠    譨     
         OUT, ਬ:
                             OUT 254,1

               㣮 ,   BORDER n  OUT 254,n 
          ⢥ ࠧ.        -
         , ⠪  ⪮६ ࠪ.  BORDER  梥
         "ﭭ".        ⥬ ६ BORDCR
         (23624 = 5C48H).   OUT 254,n  祭 ⪮६-
          ࠪ. ᪨  ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮  ஭  ᨣ-
         , 襤襣  譨 , ᫥ 祣 梥   -
           ᮮ⢥⢨  BORDCR.    梥  
          OUT,   ⥬ ६ BORDCR   㤠-
         .   ⮬,   ᯮ ᯮᮡ     ᢮
         梥  ஭ ᨣ,    㤨  ⥬ 梥  -
         ᠬ,       ࠭     㧪-㧪
         ணࠬ.   ࠢ 梥묨  ᠬ    
         ⨫  ࠧ    襩    ࠭   "ࠪ⨪ 
         ணࠬ஢  設 ".

                                   TAB n
                                   ~~~~~~
               TAB n  (n=0...31)  ⢥  ᠬ⥫쭮 -
           ਬ.  㦨  ⢥ 䨪 -
          PRINT  ।,   樨  ⥪饩 ப  
         믮 .

              ஡   :

                 PRINT TAB 10; "ZX-Spectrum".

                ࠬ 10  ਬ  20.

                                   AT y,x
                                   ~~~~~~
                䨪 TAB,  AT y,x ᠬ⥫쭮   -
          PRINT  ਬ,        ᯮ-
+                                    - 29 -

          ⥫쭮  .    न  樨 
         ()  ࠭. ࠬ y  न   -
          ( ࠭ 鸞,  ஬  믮 ) 
         0   21. ࠬ  x   न   ਧ⠫ (
         ࠭-  ⮫)  0  31.

              ਬ: PRINT INK 6; PAPER 1; AT 10,12; "ZX-Spectrum" .

               ⢥ ࠬ஢  y  x      易⥫쭮
         ᫠,      䬥᪨,  ᪨    ࠨ᪨
         ࠦ, ᫨   楫᫥ १,   室騩
          ⨬ ।  x  y.

                ணࠬ 뢠 㦭 ⠭  
          - ,  ᠬ   ⮬    ॡ-
         .   ᤥ    AT,   -
           ப, ਬ:

                              PRINT AT (10,12); ""

                      稥 䨪  PRINT.
                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

              ᬠਢ   䨪, ࠢ騥 梥⮬ 
         न⠬  ⮣,    ந   ࠭,  
         ⠪ ᪠    䨪.  "," (), ";"
         (窠  ⮩)  "'" ().

                ⫨稥      ࠭ ᬮ७ 䨪஢
         ⨯ INK, PAPER, AT...  .  䨪   ⤥
             㣠,  ᪮    ᠬ   ࠧ⥫ﬨ.
         ᬮਬ  -浪.

               "窠  ⮩".
               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                  PRINT 砥   ᨬ-ࠧ-
         ⥫,    砥  㪠    믮   
         襬 ࠢ     ।饩 樨  , 
+                                    - 30 -

             ᯫ  ப. 쪮  ᫨ ⥪  ப
         稫,  ३      ᫥饩 ப.
          䨪 砥  . ஡:

                       PRINT AT 10,14; "1"; "2"; "3"; "4"

              ""
              ~~~~~~~~~
              ᫥ ࠧ ࠭  ⨪   ࠢ .
         ।⠢  ᥡ,         ࠭ ⮨  
          -   ࠢ ( ⭠   ).

               ᫨   PRINT    䨪-
         ,  ।    筥   砫 ࠢ  
         ࠭ 鸞, ᫨ ।  뫠    -
         . ᫨   㦥 뫠  ࠢ ,    ३-
            ப  筥    砫.  ࠧ,
         ⢨ ⮣ 䨪 ⭮ TAB 16. ஡:

                       PRINT AT 10,14; "1", "2", "3", "4"

              ""
              ~~~~~~~~~~
               ᠬ ⮩   䨪஢ -    -
              ப.

                       PRINT AT 10,14; "1" ' "2" ' "3" ' "4"

                1.3.2   ᪨ ਬ⨢.

               ⠭⭮    "ZX-Spectrum"   -
         㯭  ⨯ ᪨ ਬ⨢: 窠, ,  㣠,
         㦭.

                                PLOT x,y
                                ~~~~~~~~~
               㦨   窨  ࠭  न  y
         ( ⨪)  x ( ਧ⠫). 0 < x < 255 ; 0 < y < 175.
+                                    - 31 -

          㦥 ਫ  ⮬,   न     -
         ,   ᥫ,    ⨪  ᭨  ,
         祬  2 鸞,  騥 "⥬ "   ⥬
         न 믠.

               ஬ PLOT   ᯮ짮   䨪
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